race and ethnicity cht ,9,10

Black codes (1865-1966)

state laws designed to restrict freedompeople movement, labor, and legal status, creating pretexts for re-enslavement via criminal prosecution 

Cooper v. Pate (1964)

 incarcerated people may sue state officials under civil rights act of 1871

Lee v. Washington  (1968)

affirmed that racial segregation in prisons violated the equal protection clause, with a narrow security expedition 

Johnson v. Avery (1969)

prisons may not ban jailhouse lawyers unless they provide a reasonable alternative source of legal assistance 

Bounds v. Smith (1977)

 the right of access to the courts require prisons to provide adequate law libraries or assistance from people trained in the law 

Estelle v. Gamble (1976)

deliberate indifferences to serious medical needs violates the eighth amendment

Farmer v. Brennan (1994)

official violate the 8th amendment when deliberately indifferent to a known substantial risk of serious harm such as inmate violence