Psy 3460 USU

Dendrites

The input zone of a nerve cell

Which pathway represents the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron?

Dendrite → cell body → axon → axon terminal

Axonal Transport is…

bidirectional, moving materials from the neuronal cell body toward the axon terminals, and from axon terminals back to the cell body.

Which glial cells interact with blood vessels?

astrocytes

The Somatic nervous system includes the

cranial nerves and the spinal nerves

The reason that sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs is because

they release different neurotransmitters.

Which of the following is not a consequence of parasympathetic activation?

The human brain is essentially folded into the skull; about two-thirds of the of it is hidden within the folds (sulci), thereby allowing

a larger surface area to fit into the cranial space

Almost all incoming sensory information passes through the _______, which sends the information on to the overlying cortex

thalamus

Almost all incoming sensory information passes through the _______, which sends the information on to the overlying cortex

substantia nigra

Which type of stain is used to reveal the entire neuron with all its processes?

Golgi

MRI makes use of _______ waves and _______ fields to form images of the structure of the living brain.

radio; magnetic

While _______ studies can tell us which behavioral and bodily variables may be linked, they cannot reveal _______.

correlational; causality

The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as

reductionism

Axon terminals…

form synapses onto other cells

What would be the consequence for a patient with damage to the eighth cranial nerve?

impaired balance

The central sulcus divides the _______ and _______ lobes

frontal; parietal

The brainstem consists of the

midbrain, pons, and medulla

The structure known to be crucial for motor coordination and control and certain aspects of cognition is the _________

cerebellum

Inside the neuron there is a high concentration of _______ ions, while outside the cell there is a high concentration of _______ ions.

potassium; sodium

Transporter molecules are involved in the _______ of neurotransmitter at the synapse.

reuptake

The resting membrane potential is maintained by electrostatic pressure and _______ acting on the cation _______.

diffusion; potassium

In general, the action potential is initiated in the

axon hillock

Hyperpolarizing stimuli ___________

decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential.

Action potentials are all-or-none phenomena. This means that ______________

the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus

The peak of the action potential is caused by the _______ of _______ channels.

opening; sodium

During the relative refractory phase, ___________________

the neuron is briefly hyperpolarized

Action potentials generally are not propagated along dendrites because dendrites usually have few ____________

voltage-gated ion channels

Myelin increases the speed of conduction because it __________

offers considerable resistance to the flow of ionic current

_______ seizures are most often accompanied by an unusual sensation called an aura and may not necessarily involve the entire brain.

complex partial

A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock at the same time, but from different locations across the cell body. This process is referred to as ___________

spatial summation

Ions are molecules that carry an electric charge due to the gain or loss of __________

electrons

A key causal event in the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic cleft is the __________

influx of calcium ions in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal.

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the ___________

type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron.

a ligand is a _________

substance that binds to receptor molecules.

After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by

the process of enzymatic degradation

The “lock-and-key” analogy relates to the

action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins.

Desynchronized electrical activity is seen _________

in a normal active brain

When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, _______ in the presynaptic
terminal membrane.

Voltage-gated calcium channels open

The _______ receptor uses a system of second messengers to cause changes in
excitability.

metabotropic

Which qualification is not a specific criterion for classifying a substance as a
neurotransmitter?

Ability of the substance to travel long distances between the site of origin and target area

Damage to the _______ would affect projections using the neurotransmitter
serotonin.

raphe nucleus

In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is

GABA

A drug or toxin that resembles the endogenous ligand and that can bind to the
receptor and activate it is called as a(n)

receptor agonist

If a newly-developed drug is found to bind to dopamine receptors but does not
activate them, the drug is classified as a(n)

antagonist

If drug A is found to bind to a certain type of receptor more strongly than drug B,
then drug A is said to have greater

affinity

The mood-stabalizing drug lithium acts by

inhibiting cyclic AMP

Caffeine exerts its action by _______ presynaptic adenosine receptors, which
_______the amount of neurotransmitter released.

blocking; increases

Through the process of _______, neurotransmitter is cleared from synapses.

reuptake

Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, or other anxiolytics, appear to modulate the
activity of receptors for the neurotransmitter

GABA

The main active ingredient found in cannabis is

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Cocaine and amphetamine both potently affect the _______ of the monoamine
neurotransmitters _______ and _______ in the synapse.

accumulation; norepinephrine; dopamine

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) appears to exert its effects through its interactions with receptors for the neurotransmitter

serotonin

Drugs that stimulate the _______ pathway provide powerful positive rewards that
may eclipse the pleasures derived from other activities.

dopaminergic

The triggering of drug cravings after returning to location or setting where they were previously used is called _______ drug use.

cue-induced

The _______ is an area of the brain which, when lesioned, allows patients to quit
smoking effortlessly.

insulaThe drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to

The drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to

heroin

A common feature of addictive drugs appears to be that they cause the release of
_______ in the _______.

dopamine; nucleus accumbens