OSSF Blood and Bone Marrow

peripheral blood volume?

9% of body weight

functions of blood

• carry oxygen, nutrients, hormones

• elimanate co2

What is plasma made up of?

90% water and 10% other things

example of a low molecular weight molecule

glucose

example of high molecular weight molecules

albumin

what kind of pressure does albumin maintain?

oncotic pressure

what is serum

liquid remaining after blood has clotted

what is plasma

is liquid in unclotted blood

what is hematopoiesis?

the production of blood cells

where does hematopoiesis occur?

primarily occurs in adult bone marrow

Where to find red marrow?

• proximal ends of long bones

• flat bones

How is red bone marrow organized?

into cords of cells separated by sinusoidal capillaries

what blood types can pluripotential stem cells produce?

all other blood cell types

RBC differentiation name?

erythropoiesis

WBC differentiation name?

Granulopoiesis

Platelets by megakaryocytes differentation name?

megakaryopoiesis

aspirate cytology benefits

• superior cell detail

• better for detection of a small number of tumor cells

• difficult to assess cellularity

core biopsy (histology) benefits

• better estimate if cellularity and architecture

• individual cell ID is harder

A way to examine blood cells (cell counts)

blood smears

Erythrocytes (RBC)

• most common cell type

Histologic appearance of RBC’s?

homogenous orange to pink due to hemoglobin

what is this?

RBC’s

Biconcave disk shape characterisitics

• high surface area to volume ratio

• optimal gas exchange

• allows for deformability during circulation

what cell and what species is imaged?

camelid and RBC

what cell and what species is imaged?

goat and RBC

what cell and species is imaged?

dog and RBC

what cell and species is imaged?

bird/ reptile and RBC

What would RBC outside of a blood vessel indicate?

hemorrhage

What is polychromasia?

immature RBC

What stain makes polychromasia easier to view?

New methylene blue

What are senescent RBC’s

an old red blood cell at the end of its normal 120-day life cycle that the body marks for safe removal from the bloodstream

Leukocytes are?

• motile, function in connective tissue

• body’s defense against infection

Where do leukocytes go?

move out into blood stream into tissues

Granulocytes examples

• neutrophils

• eosinophils

• basophils

Agranulocytes examples

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

What is granulopoiesis?

as nucleus becomes more lobular with tight heterochromatin, these cells loose their ability to undergo mitosis

Neutrophils are?

• neutral staining granules

• indistinct, alomst colorless

• sometimes pale pink to pale lilac

Eosinophils are?

• eosinophilic granules

• orange to pink

Basophils are?

• granules are either dark purple or a pale pink lavender color

what is the purple/ clear staining?

neutrophils

What is the highlighted pink?

eosinophils

what is the highlighted purple?

basophils

neutrophil characteristics

• most numerous WBC

• lifespan 1-2 days

• multilobed (ribbon shaped)

• tightly clumped chromatin

Species with heterophils?

• rabbit

• guinea pig

• birds

• reptiles

Neutrophil bacteriostatic function?

phagocytize and kill bacteria

Eosinophils characteristics

• ribbon shaped nucleus

• survive several weeks in tissues

• orange 2 degree granules

What do eosinophils defend against?

parasites

what do eosinophils regulate?

allergic reactions

what is arrow pointing to? What species and cell type?

eosinophils in dog

what is the purple? Species and cell type

eosinophils in cat

what is dark pink/ purple? Species and cell type?

Eosinophils in avian

What is the least common leukocyte?

basophils

Basophil characteristics

• not easily found in tissue

• promote inflammation

Basophil appearance

• ribbon or horseshoe shaped nucleus

• granules are purple

what is shown? cell type and species

basophils in dog

what is purple showing? cell type and species

basophils in horse

Basophils in dogs and cats characterisics

• cytoplasm may be lavender with few granules

• granules can be purple or grey

Mast cell characteristics

• round to oval nucleus

• a tissue cell

mast cell is important cause for what?

allergic reactions

what is this showing? cell type

mast cell in dog

Agranulocytes have?

lysosomes, but lack specific/ secondary granules found in granulocytes

Lymphocytes

• predominant arganulocytes

• predominant WBC in some species

• precursors produced in marrow but then “seed” lymphoid tissue

Lymphocyte appearance?

• smaller than neutrophil

• round nucleus, sometimes cleaved

• smooth, slightly clumped, pinkish purple chromatin

what is this? cell type and species

lymphocyte in dog

Lymphocyte job

important for protection against microbes (viruses) and neoplasia

Where is lymphocytes found?

• in lymphoid tissues

• recirculate, moving from lymph node to lymph node via lympohatics and blood stream looking for “invaders”

What characteristics do reactive or neoplastic lymphocytes look like?

• large

• deep blue cytoplasm

What are plasma cells

tissue cells, unlikely in blood, eccentric dark nucleus

Monocytes characteristics

• precursors for long lived macrophages

• largest WBC

• nucleus is round with stretched out chromatin

what is the left cell?

monocytes in dog

monocyte function

• phagocytosis

• antigen processing

• cytotoxicity

• production of monokines

macrophages with H&E stain

• large with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm

• round to oval to bean shaped euchromatic nucleus

macrophages with romanovsky stain

• large, round to oval

• basophillic cytoplasm, often with vacuoles

platelets characteristics

• small cytoplasmic fragments

• light stained

• no nucleus

• survive 8-10 days

what cell type is this?

platelets in dog

platelet function?

• clot formation

• clump during blood collection

How to platelets help in inflammation?

• recruit neutrophils and monocytes

• stick to bacteria (facilitate phagocytosis)

Megakaryocytes function

• produce platelets

• huge

• eosinophilic in H&E

what is the cell type and species?

megakaryocytes in dog in bone marrow