Psychopathology: DSM History, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Clinical Disorders

Emil Kraepelin

A German psychiatrist who in the 1880s began classifying mental disorders by hypothesizing that specific combinations of symptoms allow one to identify a particular mental disorder.

DSM-I (1952)

The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, published in 1952 during the dominance of psychodynamic theory, containing 102 broad diagnostic categories subdivided into organic brain dysfunction and psychosocial stressors.

DSM-III (1980)

A major revision representing a paradigm shift in psychiatry that introduced the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) developed by NIMH, expanded the number of specific disorders, and included terms like 'neurotic disorder' parenthetically.

DSM-5-TR (2022)

The text revision published by the American Psychiatric Association featuring 20 disorder chapters, nearly 300 mental illnesses, input from 200 subject matter experts (SMEs), and a dedicated Work Group on ethnoracial equity and inclusion.

Malingering

The intentional exaggeration or production of false symptoms motivated by external incentives or factors, such as avoiding work or obtaining drugs.

Factitious Disorder

A condition characterized by the falsification or induction of symptoms driven by an internal, psychological need (such as hysterical blindness) without external incentives.

Diagnostic Coding

A standardized system that streamlines the tracking of epidemiological data, facilitates the identification of public health trends and disease prevalence, and promotes data sharing.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A group of conditions with onset during the early developmental period characterized by developmental deficits or differences in brain processing that produce impairments in personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning.

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

A motor disorder involving repetitive, seemingly driven, and purposeless motor behaviors (such as head banging or body rocking) that must be clinically differentiated from stimming.

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

A category of externalizing conditions characterized by problems with emotional and behavioral self-control that violate the rights of others or bring an individual into significant conflict with societal norms or authority figures.

Major Depressive Episode (MDE)

A period requiring at least $5$ of 9 depressive symptoms lasting for at least $2\text{ weeks}$ and representing a change from previous functioning, where at least one symptom must be depressed mood or anhedonia.

SIG E CAPS

A diagnostic mnemonic for the 9 symptoms of major depression: Sleep disturbances, Interest decreased (anhedonia), Guilt/worthlessness, Energy decrease, Concentration decrease, Appetite/weight changes, Psychomotor agitation/retardation, and Suicidal thoughts.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD / Dysthymia)

A chronic mood disorder characterized by a depressed mood present most of the day for at least $2\text{ years}$ in adults (or $1\text{ year}$ in youth), accompanied by at least $2$ additional depressive symptoms without more than $2$ consecutive symptom-free months.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

A depressive disorder diagnosed in youth aged $6\text{ to }18$ characterized by severe, recurrent temper outbursts occurring $\ge 3\text{ times per week}$ alongside a persistently irritable baseline mood.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A mood condition marked by severe affective lability, irritability, and other depressive symptoms occurring specifically during the final week before menses.

Neuroticism

A temperamental risk factor characterized by high levels of negative affectivity that significantly increases an individual's vulnerability to developing depressive disorders.

Euthymia

A state of relatively normal, stable mood experienced between active mood episodes in individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Manic Episode

A distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased energy or activity lasting at least $1\text{ week}$ (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary), resulting in marked functional impairment, hospitalization, or psychosis.

DIG FAST

A clinical mnemonic for the symptoms of mania: Distractibility, Indiscretion/impulsivity, Grandiosity, Flight of