General Science, Chemistry, and Microbiology Lecture Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering core concepts from microbiology, product ingredients, GHS hazard communication, and chemical reaction principles based on the lecture notes.

Active Ingredient

The specific component in a product that produces its intended effect, such as fluoride in toothpaste or surfactant in soap.

Inactive Ingredient

Components in a product that support the formula, aiding in delivery, stability, presentation, texture, or preservation.

Surfactant

The active ingredient found in cleaning products such as soap and shampoo.

Titanium Dioxide

An ingredient added in medicine for color and blocking.

GHS

Global Harmonized System; a unified system developed to create standardized warning and understanding of chemical hazards.

SDS

Safety Data Sheet; documentation providing detailed safety and hazard information for chemical substances.

MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheet; standard documentation detailing chemical hazard and safety data.

Carcinogenicity

The property or capability of a substance to cause cancer.

Mutagenicity

The property of a substance that enables it to damage DNA.

Irritant

A substance that causes temporary or reversible damage and inflammation to the skin or eyes.

Corrosive

A chemical agent that causes destructive damage strictly to the skin and eyes.

Five Groups of GHS Pictograms

The main categories of GHS pictograms, consisting of Physical Hazard, Health Hazard, Environmental Hazard, Transport, and Other Additional Pictograms.

Louis Pasteur

The scientist who founded microbiology and developed pasteurization.

Joseph Lister

The scientist who conceptualized that chemicals kill microbes to prevent infection.

Pasteurization

A heat process used to preserve liquids (such as wine) from spoiling by killing harmful bacteria at temperatures around $60^\circ\text{C}$ to $90^\circ\text{C}$.

Sterilization

The process of using high heat at $100^\circ\text{C}$ to kill bacteria completely.

Germ Theory of Disease

The scientific theory stating that specific microorganisms cause specific diseases.

Immunity

The body's ability to resist disease by recognizing and fighting specific pathogens.

Vaccine

A biological preparation made from a weakened germ to stimulate immune resistance against a disease.

Fermentation

A process in which microorganisms drive a chemical change in a substance.

Acetic Acid

The specific acid derived from vinegar.

Yeast

A type of living microorganism categorized as a fungus.

Aqueous Solution

A state designated as $(aq)$ where a substance is dissolved in water, as distinguished from a pure liquid $(l)$.

Acid Dilution Safety Rule

The standard protocol stating that adding acid to water is safe, whereas adding water to acid is unsafe.

Physical Change

An alteration where a substance retains its underlying chemical identity and remains usable.

Chemical Change

A process resulting in the formation of a new substance, causing the original material to no longer be usable in its initial form.

Signs of a Chemical Reaction

Key evidence indicating a chemical change, including gas production, temperature change, formation of a new solid precipitate, color change, and production of light.