Functional Components in Fats and Oils

low fat diet trends were _; consuming fats like butter is not _

• misguided

• linked to a higher risk of heart disease and may be slightly protective against type 2 diabetes

what did the 1948 Framingham Heart Study reveal?

• long term population study of cardiovascular risk

• high blood cholesterol is a major congestive heart disease risk factor

• national focus on heart healthy diets

what did the 1950s Controlled Human Feeding Studies reveal?

• total fat was kept a constant but the type of fat was varied to study saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids

• replacing SFAs with PUFAs changed cholesterol levels

  • higher PUFA intake lowered cholesterol

  • higher SFA intake highetened cholesterol

now all fats _

are created equal

what are the three types of fatty acids

• short chain/triglycerides

• medium chain

• long chain

when are short chain fatty acids produced? what are they made of?

• during the fermentations of soluble dietary fiber by beneficial large intestinal bacteria

• made up of

  • acetic acid

  • propionic acid

  • butyric acid

what foods are rich in butyric acid? what do butyrate supplements do?

• Butter, cheeses, and cows milk contain considerable amounts of butyric acid and are rich in saturated fats 

• Butyrate supplements are absorbed in the small intestine so they cannot promote the growth of beneficial colonic bacteria or clean the large intestine

what is special about medicum chain fatty acids?

absorbed and transported directly to the liver where they are burned for energy

what are the two types of long chain fatty acids? what is special about them?

• saturated fats/long chain saturated fatty acids

  • animal sources

  • increased diabetes. heart disease, ldl cholesterol, blood pressure, inflammation, etc.

• unsaturated fats/long chain unsaturated omega 6 fatty acids

  • vegetable oils like corn, soybean. and safflower

  • lower ldl cholesterol

  • essential fatty acids for humans

olive oil contains _

monounsaturated fats

what are monounsaturated fats

• fats that have one unsaturated carbon bond or double bond in their fatty acid chain

  • typically liquid at room temp and solid when chilled

  • help reduce bad cholesterol

oils rich in monounsaturated fats also contribute _ which is _

vitamin e; an antioxidant most Americans need moee of

consuming just half a tablespoon of olive oil a day is _

linked to a significant reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease; not just adding but consuming olive oil instead of harmful fats

_ and _ can have a positive effect on health when eaten in moderation not _ or _

monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats; saturated or trans fats

how many calories per gram is in fat?

9

polyunsaturated fats have _ and are _

more than one unsaturated carbon bond or a double bond in their fatty acid chain; typically liquid at room temp and solid when chilled

which foods are high in polyunsaturated fats?

plant based oils like sunflower, corn, and soybean and some nuts and seeds

the american heart association recommends which foods (5)

• tofu

• soybeans

• canola

• walnut

• flaxseed

where did the focus on fat start?

• 1920s: prolonged feed of fat free diets to lab rats led to 

  • Rats not growing properly 

  • Scaly dermatitis 

  • Infertility 

  • Depressed inflammatory responses 

  • Water losses through the skin 

• Inclusion of fat allowed for successful long term feeding of patients via total parenteral nutrition

humans must consume _ in their diet

essential fatty acids

what are omega 3 fatty acids? what are omega 6 fatty acids?

• omega 3: alpha linolenic acid (EPA & DHA)

• omega 6: linoleic acid

all dietary fats contain a mixture of what? (4)

• SFA

• USFA

• MUFA

• PUFA

what are the best oils to chose from for health (5)

• fish oils

• fish liver oils

• algal extracts

• oils rich in omega 3 and DHA

• vegetarian oils

_ consumption cannot meet the body’s need for these vital fatty acids and should be eaten in moderation to prevent _

• flax

• mineral depletion from high phylate levels

the soluble fiber in flax can help _

reduce inflammation to some extent

what is conjugated linolenic acid (CLA)

omega 6 group of polyunsaturated fatty acids