Psychology exam 2

What is Learning

Learning is any permeant changes in behavior due to practicing or experiences

Classical conditioning

learning to responds to a stimulus without realizing it

What a reflex

something you do try to do

Stimulus

anything that makes you act up

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

something that happens that leads to an involutary response (ex: the smell of food makes dogs mouth water this is not a learned behavior )

Unconditioned reposnse (UR)

involutanry reponse that happen to an unccondition stimulus

Neutral stimulus (NS)

a stimulus that does elute a strong response

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

a neutral stimulus that is constantly paired with a uncondition stimulus and now elecits a response

ex: eating food (neutral stimulus) and stomach cramps (unconditioned stimulus) food becomes a conditioned stimulus that causes a feeling of sickness (nausea)

condition response

behavior that is elicit by a conditioned stimulus

Acquisition

beginning stages of leanring where the neutral stimulus is now paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Extention

the decrease of the conditioned response when it not paired with the uncontioned stimulus is not paired with the condition stimulus

Spontaneous recovery

When the person/animal still respond to a condition stimulus even tho it as been a really long time

Stimulus Discrimination

when someone/animal is able to tell apart different stimulus (conditioned stimulus) even if they are similar to the other one

ex: A dog being able to tell apart which bell brought food and which one did not

Stimulus generalization

When a person/animal shows the same conditioned response to stimulus that are similar to the one they were conditioned to respond to

ex: Little albert was conditioned to dear only rats but he also had a dear of animals that were white and had fur since they resemble the rat

operant conditioning

Learning to associate consequence with behaviors: I you do this then that will happen

Shaping

the act of rewarding something when they act the way you want

• reinforce behavior until the thing understand that what it suppose to do

Positive reinforcement

Something is added to reinforce behavior

ex- when a dog barks when asked to give him a treat

Negative reinforcement

Something it removed to reinforce behavior (it as to be unpleasant)

ex: seat belts alarm: It beeps until people put on their sit belt (i will remove the beep if you buckle up)

Continuous reinforcement

Everytime you do something like instructed they reinforce that behavior (can be positive or negative)

Partial reinforcement

when reinforcement only occurs at certain time you do something correct it like disperse

Fixed ratio schedule

after doing something specific for a specific number of time then you get rewared.

ex- after selling 5 dresses Mary gets commission

Variable ratio schedule

When you get a reward after a random amount time

ex- slot machines

Positive punishment

something is added to prevent the behavior from happening

ex - if a puppy bites , yell at him

Negative punishment

Something is removed to prevent behavior from happening again

ex- when the puppy pulls on the leash stop walking

Model

the person who is performing the behavior that is being imitated

ex; a dad flexing and his son follows

Steps i the Modeling Process

Attention - focus on the behavior

Retention- remembering what you observed

Reproduction- being able to perform what you observed

Motivation- must want to perform that behavior

Vicarious reinforcement

you see someone being rewarded for their behavior so you are more likely to do they same behavior they did

Vicarious punishment

you see someone punished for their behavior so you are less likely to do the same behavior they did

What is memory ?

an active system that recieves, stores, and retrieves information

Process of memory in order

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

Encoding

transform what we see, feel, think into memories

Storage

hold information for some amount of time

Retrieval

being able to retrieve the memory you previously stored

Automatic processing

when your brain stores what you see, feel and what ever automatically without you think abt

ex - when you last studied

Efforceful processing

forcing you brain to remember in detail the memory

ex - What you just studied

iconic encoding

words that create images in your mind are easier to recall

ex- car, pencil are more recallable then words like truth, or value

Acoustic enconding

memorization of sound

semantic encoding

memorization of words and their meaning

shallow processing

you can somewhat make out what something is

ex - lines, contour makes up the appearance of a car

Intermediate processing

when you recognized the object

ex - you know that it a car

Deep processing

thinking more deeply about the object and make associations

ex - knowing the car type (e. it a porshe or wtv)

memory structure

What happens if you wait too long after you learn something

it goes away

Short term memory as a duration and capacity of ?

7+- 2 capacity , 12-20 seconds

Eleborative rehearsal

chunking -

Imagery-

making connections-

Primary effect

information that you read first you are more likely to remember it

Recency Effect

information that is presented last is more likely to be remember bc it still stored in active memory

what is thinking

the mental activity that goes on i the brain when we process information

Selective Attention

focusing on certain things while ignoring others

sustained attention

being able to stay focused and alert for a longer period of time

Concepts

categories of things (can be abstract)

ex- images, ideas, memories

Metal images

metal representation of objects or events

Natural concepts

created by nature throught direct or inderect experiences

ex- our concept of snow

Artificial concepts

defined set charateristic

ex - shapes (triangle, circle, wtv)

Prototypes

Best example of a concepts (this varied from person to person)

-left hemispher and visual cortex

ex- what breed of dog do you think of first when asked

examplars

right hemisphere

less abstract

Schema

assumptions we make because of constructed related concepts

Role schema

assuption on how a certain person with a certain role will act

ex - what a Liberian looks like/ acts like

Event schema

Our automatic behavior that aligns with societal rules

difficult to break

ex - facing the door when in a elevator

Trial and error

continue do to something until the problem is solved

Algorithm

step by step formula to slove a probleme

ex- yt tutorial

Heuristic

the easiest pathway to solve a problem

usually done when they dont have any other choice

ex- short cut, rule of thumb

Functional fixedness

when we can only see an object being used like it supposed to be used

ex - hitting a nail with a shoe is uncoventional bc we can only see a shoe being worn