(A2) Feline and Canine Urolithiasis

what causes Feline Urolithiasis (8)

1. Nutritional inadequacy

2. FLUTD can contribute

3. Mucous plugs

4. Stones

5. Spasms

6. Strictures

7. Cancer

8. Crystal build-up/plugs

what are the predispositions for feline urolithiasis (5)

1. age

2. breed

3. stress

4. overweight

5. male

clinical signs of feline urolithiasis (2)

1. Hematuria/dysuria

2. Urethral Obstruction

initial clinical signs on acute onset for feline urethral obstruction (10)

1. Acute onset

2. hematuria

3. dysuria

4. Frequent attempts to urinate

5. anuria

6. Vocalizing and straining in litter box

7. Licking penis

8. excessive grooming

9. Inappetence

10. anorexia

progressive clinical signs on acute onset for feline urethral obstruction (13)

1. large painful bladder

2. Hypothermic

3. Dehydrated

4. Bradycardia

5. hyperkalemia

6. Hypovolemic shock

7. potassium defficiency

8. Depressed

9. painful

10. dehydrated

11. uremic

12. cardiac arrhythmias

13. death

how to diagnose feline urolithiasis (5)

1. Radiographs to evaluate stones

2. Double contrast studies

3. Ultrasound to confirm location of stone in the urinary tract

4. Analysis of urolith for proper treatment

5. May obtain sample while unblocking

how to treat feline urolithiasis - Urethral Obstruction (3)

1. restore urine flow

2. correct fluid/electrolyte balance

3. Correct hypothermia

4. Reduce potassium levels

how to treat feline urolithiasis - blocked cat (3)

1. Stabilize

2. Restore urine flow

3. dietary therapy

4. Reduce potassium levels

how to unblock a blocked urinary tract cat (7)

1. Urinary catheterization

2. Flush/relieve obstruction

3. the bladder is flushed with sterile saline to try and remove potential obstruction

4. Place an indwelling catheter

5. Take radiographs after the catheter has been placed to ensure proper placement before suturing.

6. Don’t place collection bag on the floor!+/-

7. perineal urethrostomy

how to encourage cat to drink more water (7)

1. Feed canned food

2. Provide fresh water daily

3. Try bottled water, distilled …

4. Flavour water – tuna juice…

5. Flavoured ice cubes

6. Drink from tap, fountains

7. Shallow water bowl, clear water bowl

in Canine Urolithiasis struvite occurs in ages (range)

3 - 8 yrs

in Canine Urolithiasis calcium oxalate in ages (range)

5 - 12 yrs

clinical signs of Canine Urolithiasis (general) (2)

1. Dysuria

2. Hematuria

how to diagnose canine urolithiasis (general) (6)

1. History

2. Palpation

3. Urinary Analysis

4. Radiographs

5. Urolith analysis

6. Serum chemistry

what would be seen in a diagnostic urinary analysis in canine urolithiasis (general) (4)

1. crystals

2. hematuria

3. increased protein

4. elevated bacteria

how to treat canine urolithiasis for struvite

Medical dissolution

how to treat canine urolithiasis for calcium oxalate

surgical removal

struvite is aka

MAP

MAP stands for

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

what is the most common urolith

struvite

what causes struvite (3)

1. Alkaline urine

2. Genetics

3. diet (minerals)

what causes alkaline urine (3)

1. certain kidney diseases

2. long term diuretics

3. antacids

what breeds are predisposed to struvite (canine) (6)

1. Mini Schnauzer

2. Bichon Frise

3. Shih Tzu

4. Dachshunds

5. Labrador Retrievers

6. Yorkies

what gender is more susceptible to struvite

female

how to treat struvite (6)

1. Increase solubility of crystalloids

2. Decrease concentration of crystalloids

3. Promote acidic urine

4. Increase urine production

5. Provide antibiotics

6. switch to a urinary maintenance diet

how long is the dissolution period when treating strucite (range)

4 - 8 weeks

what breeds are predisposed to calcium oxalate (5)

1. Min. Schnauzer

2. Lhasa Apso

3. Bichon Frise

4. Shih Tzu

5. Yorkies

what are risk factors for calcium oxalate (5)

1. Excess dietary vitamin D

2. Excess dietary vitamin C

3. Hypercalcemia

4. Abnormality to the urine protein

5. High dietary oxalates

what gender is more predisposed to calcium oxalate

male

what is the urine protein called

nephrocalcin

what are some examples of High dietary oxalates (7)

1. Chocolate

2. nuts

3. beans

4. spinach

5. rhubarb

6. sweet potatoes

7. green powders

how to prevent calcium oxalate

diet

Ammonium urate is a — of uric acid

salt

what dog breeds are predisposed to urates (5)

1. dalmations

2. English Bulldogs

3. Mini Schnauzers

4. Shih Tzus

5. Yorkshire Terriers

what avg age for dogs get urates (range)

3 - 6 yrs

clinical signs of urinary tract trauma (9)

1. Hematuria

2. +/- abdominal distension

3. Vomiting

4. Depression

5. Swelling of sheath with urethral rupture

6. Increased or decreased thirst

7. Increased or decreased urination

8. Lethargy/weakness

9. Lack of appetite

how to diagnose urinary tract trauma (5)

1. BUN

2. creatinine

3. PCV

4. Chemistry to check electrolytes

5. radiography

how to treat ruptured organs (3)

1. surgery

2. hospitalization

3. IV fluids

how to treat Ruptured or Injured Kidney (3)

1. shock

2. blood transfusion

3. Fluids

what can cause Ruptured or Injured Kidney (6)

1. Trauma

2. medications

3. toxicity

4. UTI

5. blockages

6. poisons/toxicities

what is the most common poison/toxin that can cause Ruptured or Injured Kidney (3)

1. antifreeze

2. lilies

3. NSAIDS

what causes a Ruptured or Injured ureters (2)

1. Rupture due to calculi/tumours or traumatic.

2. Could also occur iatrogenically during an OVH

Ruptured or Injured ureters are more common in cats or dogs

cats

clinical signs of Ruptured or Injured ureters (6)

1. Leak urine into abdominal cavity

2. abdomen becomes distended

3. abdomen becomes painful

4. uremic

5. cellulitis

6. electrolyte imbalances

how to treat Ruptured or Injured ureters (2)

1. repair surgically

2. remove ureters surically

what causes a bladder rupture (8)

1. blunt trauma

2. penetrating trauma

3. tumours

4. severe cystitis

5. iatrogenic from cystocentesis

6. manual expression

7. catheterization

8. urethral blockage

bladder ruptures are more common in male or female

male

clinical signs of bladder rupture (10)

1. dysuria

2. Hematuria

3. Painful abdomen

4. distended abdomen

5. vomiting

6. Depression

7. Lethargy

8. Bruising

9. uremic

10. electrolyte imbalances

how to diagnose a bladder rupture (2)

1. radiograph

2. Urine on abdominocentesis

how to treat a bladder rupture (3)

1. abdominal drains

2. Surgical repair

3. abdominal lavage

what causes a Ruptured or Injured urethra (2)

1. traumatic

2. calculi

clinical signs of ruptured or injured urethra (3)

1. Urine leakage into tissue

2. surrounding rupture will swell

3. Dysuria or anuria

how to treat a ruptured or injured urethra

urethrostomy above rupture if unable to pass urinary catheter

what causes Ruptured or Injured Ureter (4)

1. Calculi

2. Tumours

3. Iatrogenic

4. Leads to hydronephrosis

If diagnosed very early may save kidney if …

patency can be reestablished

how to treat a Ruptured or Injured Ureter

must remove hydronephrotic kidney