CCP QUIZ SEPTEMBER 9th

What is History?

The record of events resulting from man’s relationships with his beliefs, institutions, and technology (culture).

What did the Pleistocene Era mark?

Marked the Last Major Ice Age; saw the first appearance of man and megafauna like mammoths.

What are Hominids and where were they first discovered?

Man-like creatures, first discovered in Africa (Olduvai Gorge by Mary Leakey), believed to be ancient. Africa is considered the birthplace of humankind.

Who was Australopithecus, and by whom was she discovered?

Oldest man-like creature, discovered by Donald Johanson in Ethiopia. Her name was Lucy.

What are the characteristics of Australopithecus robustus?

Primarily a plant eater.

What are the characteristics of Australopithecus africanus?

A form of Australopithecus, used tools to kill animals.

What is Homo Habilis known for?

Known as “handy man,” used simple stone tools.

What is Homo Erectus known for, and what was their significant migration?

Known as “upright man,” could use fire if found in nature, made and used tools, and believed to be the first hominid to leave Africa.

What characterizes Homo Sapiens?

Known as “thinking man,” man-like creatures with large brains.

Where did Neanderthal Man live, and what cultural practices did they have?

An early form of Homo Erectus, lived in Europe/Asia/Africa, inhabited caves, created tools, wore clothes, and practiced religion (burial practices, worshipping ‘mother earth’).

Who were the Cro-magnon, and what were they known for?

Later man, replaced Neanderthal, found in Europe, forerunner to modern man, known for cave paintings.

What defines the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic)?

Characterized by chipped stone tools, nomadic hunting, food gathering, crude tools, controlled fire, and animistic religion.

What is Animism?

Belief during the Old Stone Age that everything on earth, living or non-living, has a soul.

What defines the New Stone Age (Neolithic)?

Characterized by polished stone tools, village life, agriculture, population growth, spinning, weaving, house construction, pottery, impressed tools, invention of the wheel, and domestication of animals (dog first).

What was the Copper Age?

Early period when pure copper and bronze were used at random.

What was the Bronze Age?

A period characterized by the general use of bronze implements.

What was the Iron Age?

A period characterized by the general use of iron implements.

What are the Seven Characteristics of a Civilization?

Writing, started as pictograms and ideograms

development of cities, urban areas

specialization of labor,

social classes,

organized centralized government,

complex organized religion,

and monumental construction- first irrigation, pyramids, etc..

What are the Four River Valley Civilizations? Why did people move there?

Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates), Egypt (Nile), India (Indus), and China (Yellow River). Rivers provided transportation, milder climate, protection, and crucial resources for food production.

What does Mesopotamia mean, and where did it develop?

Meaning “land between the rivers,” developed along the Tigris and Euphrates in the Fertile Crescent.

What was Ur?

A powerful city-state in Sumeria.

What is the Semitic language group?

Family of languages like Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic; formed on the Arabian Peninsula and migrated to Mesopotamia, Nile Delta, and Mediterranean coast.

What is the Indo-European language group?

Largest family of languages descended from a single unrecorded language, began in the Caucasus Mountains, basis of modern European languages.

What were some key Sumerian Developments?

Included sedentary agriculture, planting and harvesting

special occupations, specific jobs like priests farmers etc

original religion, polytheism worshipping multiple gods

organized government, theocracy(lugals and ensi)

wheel,

ziggurats,

sexagesimal system,

cuneiform,

and the Epic of Gilgamesh.

also protoliterate time period

What form of government was a Theocracy?

A form of government ruled by religious leaders, characteristic of Sumerian city-states.

Who were the Lugals in Sumerian society?

“Great/Important man who own land” among Sumerians, became noble class and sometimes monarchs/kings.

What was the role of the Ensi in Sumerian society?

High priest and governor in Sumerian society.

What was a Ziggurat in Sumerian culture?

A structure composed of step-like terraces, a flat-top temple, which was the center of Sumerian culture.

What was the Mesopotamian sexagesimal system?

A system of counting based on $60$.

What was Cuneiform?

One of the earliest forms of writing, wedge-shaped pictographs representing complicated thoughts.

What was the Protoliterate Period?

The time period when writing began, leading to an explosion of technology and knowledge.

What is The Epic of Gilgamesh?

Written in cuneiform, considered the first epic writing; centers on Gilgamesh's search for eternal life.

Who was Sargon the Great and what was his major accomplishment?

Ruler of Akkad who invaded and captured Sumer, creating the first known empire in history.

What is an Empire?

When an individual or group seizes land or territory they have no legal right to and controls it.

What was Hammurabi’s Code?

Developed by King Hammurabi, the first written code of law, based on the “eye for an eye” principle.

Who were the Hittites and what were they known for?

Based in Anatolia (Asia Minor), invaded Syria and Babylon, known for mastering chariot warfare, using mass attacks by archers, and being the first people to use iron.

Who were the Mittanians?

Built a hegemonic empire in the northern Fertile Crescent, culturally influenced by Mesopotamia, eventually overrun by Hittites and Assyrians.

Who were the Kassites and what did they invent?

Originated in the Zagros Mountains, moved into Babylonia, united Babylonians, and ensured their survival. Invented the kudurru.

What was a Kudurru?

A boundary stone that recorded the king's land grants to favored people, invented by Kurigalzu I.

Who were the Phoenicians and their major contributions?

Semitic people that were the Mediterranean’s greatest traders, confederation of city-states (Byblos, Tyre, Ugarit), developed the Phoenician alphabet.

What was Byblos known for?

Phoenician city-state that traded paper and papyrus with Egyptians, contributing to words like book, Bible, and library.

Which Phoenician city-state founded Carthage(means new city)?

Tyre, known for its skilled shipbuilders, navigators, and traders

Which Phoenician city-state led to the development of the Phoenician alphabet?

Ugarit whose adaptation of cuneiform led to the development of the Phoenician alphabet.

Who were the Hebrews/Israelites?

Semitic, monotheistic people (worshipped Yahweh), whose history includes the Mosaic Covenant, the Promised Land, and a period of unified monarchy followed by division.

Who is Yahweh?

The name for the Hebrew God; they were monotheistic, considering Him the one true God.

What was the Mosaic Covenant?

The contract between God and the Israelites that if they followed the Ten Commandments, He would provide for and protect them.

What was the Promised Land?

Land promised by God to the Israelites, which they had to conquer from six other groups.

Who was King Josiah of Judah?

A godly king who rediscovered the Law of the Lord and reinforced monotheism by destroying altars to other deities.

Who were the Aramaeans?

Closely related to Hebrews, lived in Syria, dominated camel trade, used Aramaic which became common along Mediterranean coast (spoken by Jesus).

What was a major accomplishment of Tukulti-Ninurta I?

Defeated Hittites and Kassites, destroyed Babylonian temple and stole statue of Marduk, causing Babylonians to rebel against the Assyrians, built a new capital.

What did Tiglath-Pilieser I establish?

Established Assyria as a major power, expanding the empire into Syria and Babylonia, cultivated fear among enemies.

How did Ashurnasirpal II rule?

Ruled by terror, beheaded enemies, collected tribute, and built a new palace at Kalhu from conquest wealth.

What was Shalmaneser III known for?

Replaced Ashurnasirpal II, continued collecting tribute and instilling fear, faced a failed revolt by $12$ kings.

What were Tiglath-pileser III’s notable achievements?

Known for empire expansion, siege warfare (impaling defeated), resettling conquered people to try and stop rebellions, and deportation of israelites

What did Sargon II accomplish?

Son of Tiglath-pileser III, defeated Israelites, put down Chaldean revolts, built new capital Dur-Sharrukin. Dur-Sharrukin shows us what life was like for the Assyrian’s.

What was Sennacherib known for, and what was his fate?

Son of Sargon II, known for temper and violent punishment, destroyed Babylon, moved capital to Nineveh, attempted to defeat Hebrews, killed by his sons.

What was Esarhaddon’s ruling approach?

Tried a different ruling approach, used vassal kings, rebuilt Babylonian cities, defeated Kushite king of Egypt.

What were Ashurbanipal’s key actions and legacy?

Last great king of Assyria, built a massive library at Nineveh (over 22,000 clay tablets), defeated Elamites, after his death Assyrian Empire began to decline rapidly.

King David

King of the Israelites. House of David Stone gives us the first mention of him.

King Solomon

Rule resulted in division of Israel into 2 parts: Israel and Judah. 

Hattusilus I

Is the first Hittite ruler mentioned and is therefore considered one of the founders of the Hittite empire. He established his capital at Hattusas

Kurigalzu I

Kassite leader who built a new capital at Dur-Kurigalzu

How did the Phoenicians gain wealth? How did they perish?

They traded in purple dye and cedar trees which. Because they never united to form a strong state they were eventually overrun by the Chaldeans

Hapirus

Nomadic group that raided Assyrian territories. Biblical record suggests that they are the same as the Hebrews, but archaeological evidence is not as conclusive.