ATI SCIENCE:LIFE & PHYSICAL SCIENCE PT.1

christmas cleanup

golgi apparatus

helps with packaging and transportation of molecules within the cell. also helps process proteins and lipid molecules

lysosomes

contains enzymes that break down food and other molecules. destroy invading bacteria and viruses

RER

studded with ribosomes. helps with protein synthesis

SER

transports and packages lipids. involved in carb metabolism and inactivates toxins and harmful metabolic products

vacuole

stores food, water, and other nutrients within the cell. also helps maintain cell shape.

mitosis

process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells

interphase

the first stage of the cell cycle. it is when the cell grows while still carrying out its normal functions. DNA starts to replicate in this phase

prophase

the second stage of the cell cycle. the chromosomes condense and become visible. the nuclear envelope also breaks down.

metaphase

the third stage of the cell cycle. the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

the fourth stage of the cell cycle. the chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell. cell division begins.

telophase

the fifth and final stage of the cell cycle. a new nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes. the chromosomes uncoil and become less visible. the cell then divides into two daughter cells.

meiosis

cell division that results in four genetically diverse daughter cells. first phase has the same steps as mitosis, while second phase is unique

prophase 2

sixth stage of meiosis . the daughter cells contain half of the chromosomes from the original cells

metaphase 2

the seventh stage of meiosis. the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell once again

anaphase 2

eighth stage of meiosis. the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell

telophase 2

the ninth and final stage of meiosis. the cells divide into four genetically diverse daughter cells also known as haploids.

structural genes

responsible for the physical traits of an organism (ex:color of your eyes)

regulatory genes

control the activity of other genes (ex:can turn other genes on or off)

DNA

sequence of nucleotides in this acid determines the order of AAs in proteins. this is known as genetic code

RNA

principal role is to translate genetic code of DNA into proteins.

transcription

the process of making RNA from DNA

RNA polymerase

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA from nucleotides. this enzyme attaches to one end of the DNA template and then moves along the template, adding nucleotides one at a time.

mRNA

the RNA that carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

tRNA

the RNA that helps assemble amino acids into proteins. act as adapters in the translation of the genetic sequence

rRNA

the RNA that makes up ribsomes

translation

process of making proteins from RNA. occurs on ribosomes in cytoplasm. mRNA attaches to the ribosome and then tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome. as the AA are brought to the ribosome, they are joined together by peptide bonds to form a protein.

mendel’s law of inheritance

states that there are two alleles for each trait. one is dominant and the other is recessive. allele that is expressed in the phenotype is the dominant one.