PHA 6575 Lecture 14 (Abnormal Electrical Neurotransmission)

True

T/F: a healthy brain results from a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory factors

Ion Channels and Neural Networks

a seizure results from the abnormal function of ___________ and __________

Domoate

what structural analogue of glutamate causes seizure when ingested

Penicillin

what GABA-A antagonist drug can cause seizures when injected?

Convulsion

a symptom of epileptic seizure characterized by a series of extreme jerky movements of the muscles that repeatedly contract and relax

Seizure

the clinical manifestation of an abnormal and excessive excitation of a population of cortical neurons

Epilepsy

a disorder characterized by recurring seizures

Symptom

a seizure is a __________ of epilepsy and may vary according to location of seizure activity

True

T/F: the duration and frequency of the action potential is limited by properties intrinsic to the sodium channel

Absence Seizure

sudden, brief interruption of consciousness, blank stare, lip smacking, and rapid blinking

Myoclonic Seizure

brief muscle contraction that may result in falling

Tonic-Clonic Seizure

most dramatic, tonic rigidity to all extremities - relaxation - clonic phase, and massive jerking of body

Atonic Seizures

sudden loss of postural tone

Infantile Spasms

an epileptic syndrome, myoclonic jerks of the body, and most patients are mentally retarded

Focal Seizure

localized seizure where paroxysmal activity begins in a focus and spreads to adjacent areas via diffuse neuronal connections

Secondary Generalized Seizure

paroxysmal activity begins in a focus but then spreads to subcortical areas

T-Type Calcium Channel

primary target in the pharmacologic treatment of absence seizures

Na Channel Inactivation and GABA-Mediated Inhibition

the two main goals of AEDs are the cellular level ____________ and network level _____________

True

T/F: all AEDs must be capable of crossing the BBB

False

T/F: valproate and lamotrigine are used for all types of seizures

Reducing Sodium Channels, Enhancing GABA Inhibition, and Changing Ion Conductance

three mechanisms that AEDs work by

Petit Mal/Absence Seizures

which type of seizures would you target T-type calcium channels?

Generalized Seizures

which type of seizures would you target inhibit high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium channels?

Ezogabine (Retigabine)

drug that enhances K+ channel-mediated inhibition to treat seizure activity

Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates

two classes of drugs that enhance GABA-mediated inhibition

Benzodiazepines

increase affinity of GABA for GABA-A receptor

Vigabatrin

irreversibly inhibit the enzyme GABA transaminase thereby increasing levels of GABA in the brain

NMDA and AMPA

inhibition of these two subtypes of glutamate receptors can inhibit the generation of seizure activity and protect neurons from seizure-induced injury

Felbamate

selectively inhibit NMDA receptors; potent antiepileptic drug that lacks sedative effects

Perampanel

noncompetitive antagonist of excitatory glutamate receptors (AMPA)