AP Psych Unit 3 Vocab

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Developmental Psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan

Longitudinal Study

a research method that follows and retests the same people over time

Pros: 1-2 people. and tracks stability and change over time and does not need a big sample size

Cons: slow process, retest bias, unpredictable

Cross Sectional Study

a research method that compares people of different ages at the same point of time

Pros: multiple people, inexpensive, compares different ages groups

Cons: No causality, unpredictable

Nature vs. Nurture

how does our genetic inheritance interact with our environment in our development

both have a role

Continuous vs. Discontinuous

What parts of development are gradual and continuous and what parts change abruptly in separate stages

Teratogens

monster maker agents, such as alcohol, nicotine, drugs that are chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Rooting Reflex

If something touches a baby’s cheek, they will search for milk

Startle Reflex

limbs spring out

Grasping reflex

holding on tightly

Critical Period

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences

Childhood is the critical period for learning and acquiring language

Gross Motor Skills

sit, crawl, walk, run - the sequence of these motor milestones is the same the world around but are reached at different ages depending on nurture and nature like caregivers or genetics

Rovee collier Experiment

babies can learn as an infant

Maturation

biologically growing and evolving through stages

Adolescence:

the transition period for childhood into adulthood extending from puberty to indepndence

Growth Spurt

growing taller at puberty boys overtake at 14

Puberty

the period of maturation, during which a person becomes capable of having children

Menarche

physical changes for women

nurture vs nature is present

Spermarche

physical changes in men

nurture vs nature is present

Biological Sex

the biologically influenced characteristic by which people define male and female

influenced by nature

Intersex

A condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy, possessing biological characteristics of both sexes

Gender

the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy girl man woman

influenced by nurture

Gender Roles

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

How do children develop gender roles

Social Learning Theory, Gender Typing, Parent’s cultural views mainly nurtureG

Gender Bias

perception, compensation, family care responsibilities, behavior impacts salary

Ex women being seen as midwives rather than doctorsG

Gender Identity

our sense of being male, female, some combination of the two or neither (gender neutral)

Sexual Orientation

the direction one is attracted to

heterosexual (other gender)

homosexual (same gender)

bisexual (both genders)

asexual (no gender)

Social Learning Theory

the theory that we learn social gender behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded

Gender Typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine ideas

Androgyny

a blend of male + female roles

Transgender

describing people who’s gender identity differs from birth designated sex

Who was Jean Piaget

studied the development of children’s cognition - all mental activities associated with thinking and devekioed the theory that our intellectual progression reflect an unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences

Schema

concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences

Assimilation

add new information (new example) into their existing schema

Accomodation

If the new example does not quite fit the schema, we receive corrections and need to readjust our schema

Sensorimotor

Age: Birth to 2

during which infants know the world mostly in terms of sensory impressions (what they see, hear)

object permanence

the awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived

preoperational

during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Mental symbols

standing for something

Pretend play

the acting out of stories which involve multiple perspective, the playful manipulation of ideas and emotions, and the use of symbols

Conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

reversibility

mentally undo something

Animism

idea that we give human like ideas to non human based things ex: toys

Egocentrism

the pre operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Theory of Mind

people’s ideas about their own and other's; mental states —- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict

Concrete Operational

stage of cognitive development during which children gain thee mental operations that enable them to think logically about events

Ages 7 - 11

Formal Operational

during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Ages 12+

Abstract thinking

involving imagined realities and symbols

Hypothetical reasoning:

propositions to deduce consequences

if this, then that

Zone of Proximal Development

Studied how a child’s mind feeds on the language of social interactions

the zone between what a child can and can’t do

its what a child can do with help

Scaffolding

a framework that offers children temporary support as they use higher levels of thinking

Imaginary Audience

imagining everyone is always watching you

Personal Fable

they feel that they are special, unique

Dementia

acquired disorders marked by cognitive decline that was called dementia —> brain slows down and declines

Language

spoken, written, and signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Phonemes

smaller distinctive sound unit

Morphemes

smallest unit that carries meaning

ex prefix

Grammer

rules that let us communicate and understand others

Syntax

putting words into the correct orrder

Semantics

word choice (diction)

Overgeneralization

single sample result is said to apply to everyone

goed, eet

Ecological Systems Theory

social environment influence on human development

Attachment

emotional tie with others

Separation Anxiety

fear of strangersS

Secure

results in child feeling comfortable exploring new things when caregiver is present

Avoidant

people experience discomfort when close to othersA

Anxious

people constantly crave acceptance but remain avert to possible rejection

Disorganized

deeply crave emotional intimacy yet fears it cause of expected rejectionT

Temperament

A person’s characteristic emotional activity and intesnity

Adverse Childhood Experiences

traumatic situations that children experience tends to low IQ, higher rates of ADHD and other difficulties in later life

Authoritarian

Strict rules + expect obedience, low support

Authoritative

the parents are confrontive, careless, and inattentive, more support, actively in

Permissive

unrestraining, few demands, few limitsN

Neglectful

uninvolved, no connection

Identity

aself definition that unifies the various into a consistent and comfortable sense of who one is

Identity Diffusion

Without clear commitment to a particular identity and little sense of who they are

Identity foreclosure

Premature commitment to an identity with little exploration

Identity Moratorium

more actively seek a meaningful identtiy

Identity Achievement

a sense of completed self and desire to accomplish something personally meaningful that contributes to the worldP

Possible Self

versions of themselves that they think they’ll know

Trust and Mistrust

1-2

Autonomy and shame and doubt

2-4

Initiative and guilt

4-5

Industry and inferioity

5-12Id

Identity and role conffusion

13-19

Intimacy and isolation

20-40G

Generativity and stagnation

40-60

Integrity and despair

60- death

Emerging Adulthood

from 18 to mid 20s

no longer adolescents rather emerging adults where they have not yet assumed full responsibilities + Independence and are in the in betweenS

Social Clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage and varies by culture

Learning

the process of acquiring through experiences, and behaviors

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

Associative learning

Learning that certain events occur together the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequenceC

Classical conditioning

in classical conditioning we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events stimuli are thing we do not control and that we respond automatically

Unconditioned stimulus

trigger that naturally and automatically causes a physical or emotional responseU

Uncondittioned response

Without any prior learning natural automatic and unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

Neural Stimulus

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Conditioned stimulus

an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an UCS triggers a CR

Conditioned Response

a learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus

Acquisition

the intial stage when one links a neural stimulus and na unconditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus begins triggerng conditioned responses

In operant conditioning: strengthening of a reinforced response

Extinction

the dining of a conditioned response when a UCS does not follow a CS