Dendro EFB 336 Lecture Exam #2

Salix nigra

intolerant, fast growth, short lived pioneer floodplains, mature at young age, reproduce by seed in early summer and broken plant parts that root in moist soil, shallow rooted, shrubby on dry sites but large in wet soils and is the LARGEST NATIVE SALIX, wood is soft and light but not durable, hybrids grown in plantations for pulp/biomass, ONLY COMMERCIALLY USABLE SPECIES IN GENUS

Populus deltoides

intolerant, fast growth, short lived pioneer of floodplain mature at young age, seed reproduction in summer and broken plant parts in moist soil, FASTEST GROWING TREE IN N.A., attains large size and height, ONE OF TALLEST HARDWOODS IN N.A., wood used for boxes furniture plywood and pulp, species and hybrids grown for pulp and biomass, STATE TREE OF NEBRASKA AND KANSAS

Juglans nigra

fast growth, intolerant iponeer on rich moist well drained soils, moderate lifespan (200), MOST VALUABLE HARDWOOD IN N.A., wood strong durable dark brown used for trophies/gunstocks/veneer/etc, fruit is delicious, plantations for sawlogs, FAMOUS FOR JUGLONE, an alleochemical tht damages plants in Solanaceae Pinaceae and other families, THOUSAND CANKERS DISEASE caused by insect and fungal pathogen

Juglans cinerea

ashy white bark name, short lived, fast growing, intolerant, wider rang of conditions, common in NYS but CANKER DISEASE GREATLY REDUCED ABUNDANCE, softer lighter wood and oilier fruit than J. nigra, ALLELOPATHIC like black walnut

Carya ovata

mod shade tolerant, lifespan about 300, can persist in understory for long time but needs canopy gap for maturity, best growth in bottomland along stream soils, its AGGRESSIVE PIONEER ON XERIC SITES due to DEEP TAPROOT, one of fastest growing hickories but still slow growing relatively

Carya cordiformis

"pecan hickory" has fruit that are winged along fruit sutures and valvate buds, mod shade tolerant, MOST ABUNDANT AND UNIFORMLY DST. HICKORY, wide range of sites but thrive on moist well drained soils, wood is important LIMBER PULP FIREWOOD, fruit is bitter

Ostrya virginiana

tolerant, slow growing, SUBCANOPY on drier rocky sites, wood USED FOR SPECIALTY ITEMS due to hardness, often confused with Carpinus caroliniana but that one has smooth fluted bark and are in moister areas

Quercus alba

white oak subgenus, MOST IMPORTANT IN ABUNDNCE AND VALUE, mod shade tolerant more so when young, more shade tolerant than mod tolerant red oaks, best growth on moist/well drained but wide range, long lived slow growing, climax on dry sites but replaced by mesics on better sites, wood many uses furniture, flooring, cabinets, tight cooperage, STATE TREE OF CONNECTICUT ILLINOIS AND MARYLAND

Quercus macrocarpa

mod shade tolerant, slow growth, long lived, pioneer of xeric sites SUBSTANTIAL AND DEEP TAPROOTS, CORKY TWIGS believed to be fire adaptation in midwestern prairies, OFTEN ONLY TREE IN WIDWEST PRAIRIE DUE TO DROUGHT/FIRE RESISTANCE, also occurs in forest/wetlands, wood marketed as white oak

Quercus rubra

MOST IMPORTANT IN RED OAK SUBGENUS ABUNDANCE AND VALUE, mod shade tolerant, fast growing for an oak, site sensititve than other oaks best growth on moist/well drain soil, live only half as long as white oak subgenus, wood furniture and flooring, EASE OF TRANSPLANTING, nice fall color and form POPULAR LANDSCAPE TREE but salinity sensitive, and STATE TREE OF NEW JERSEY and PROVINCIAL TREE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

Quercus velutina

mod shade tolerant/intolerant, mod long lived, wide range of sites but can dominate dry sandy sites and rocky ridges cause of DEEP TAPROOT, often CROOKED BOLE on drier sites affcts form/use, READILY HYBRIDIZES with other red oak subgenus species, GYPSY MOTH DEFOLIATION can kill tree and OAK WILT emerging as potential serious issue

Quercus palustris

intolerant, fast growth, pioneer on wet sites, NAME MEANS SWAMPY, common in midwestern wetlands on clay that are flooded, shallow root system, easy to transplant, ONE OF MOST COMMON STREET TREE IN MIDWEST nice fall color and form, commonly develops IRON CHLOROSIS on high pH soils in central NY, WOOD IS KNOTTY due to persistent lower branches, not valuable as lumber but important FOOD FOR WATERFOWL and other wildlife

Ulmus americana

mod shade tolerant, fast growing, ONCE LONG LIVED PRIOR TO LETHAL DISEASES, once common in wetlands esp. floodplains and upland depressions, common as urban weed due to CUTTING CAUSES BASAL SPROUTS, produces seed at early age, DUTCH ELM DISEASE caused by fungus and ELM YELLOWS caused by phytoplasma kill these trees limiting their age and size, some horticultural resistant to DED but not Elm yellows, ONCE MOST COMMONLY PLANTED STREET TREE IN N.A. because of stature and arching branches, STATE TREE OF MASSECHUSETTS AND N. DAKOTA

Celtis occidentalis

mod shade tolerant growth rate and longevity, tolerates wide range of soils, often on calcareous SOILS OF LIMESTONE, wood used for paneling, furniture, boxes plywood, landscape but LIMITED ORNAMENTAL APPEAL

Magnolia acuminata

mod shade tolerant, fast growth pioneer in central/southern Appalachians, best growth on COVE SOILS moist fertile well drained, LARGEST MOST COLD HARDY NATIVE MAGNOLIA, many magnolias are multistemmed subcanopy trees, wood similar to and sold as yellow poplar

Liriodendron tulipifera

intolerant, fast growth pioneer of disturbed sites moist well drained, best growth on COVE SOILS, DOMINATES AFTER DISTURBANCE, numerous well dispersed seeds in seedbank, seed viability low but number high, VALUABLE TIMBER it is not related to populus but has soft wood and brittle branches like some of those species, STATE TREE OF INDIANA KENTUCKY TENNESSEE

Sassafras albidum

intolerant if seed origin, mod tolerant if from root suckers, large tree if seed origin, contorted thicket of stems from root suckers, produces DENSE THICKETS along forest edges and fence rows, large older trees in Midwest and south, AROMATIC DURABLE WOOD, dried leaves used to thicken GUMBO, dried root make tea, plant used for many products, wide range of sites common in old fields and moist woods

Prunus serotina

mod shade tolerant, fast growth, mod long lived gap species on mesic sites, responds to disturbance in canopy, CAN BASAL SPROUT IF CUT, long lived by decades seeds germinate following disturbances, LARGEST OF NATIVE PRUNUS SPECIES AND MOST IMPORTANT FOR TIMBER, WILTED FOLIAGE FATAL TO LIVESTOCK, wood highly valued for color strength used for veneers, large geographical range but best wood comes from Alleghenies in southern NY and NW Pennsylvania

Platanus occidentalis

mod tolerant to intolerant, long lived pioneer on floodplains any moist substrate in good light, ONE OF TALLEST AND LARGEST HARDWOODS IN USA, BASAL SPROUTER, wood used for lumber veneer pulp, WINDSHAKES reduce wood value, plantations for biomass, planted as ornamental but too large for street tree and diseases like ANTHRACNOSE fungal can kill some individuals, London plane tree hybrid often planted due to resistance

Gleditsia triacanthos

intolerant fast growing, mod long lived pioneer on wide range of sites floodplains old fields limestone barrens, one of most commonly planted landscape trees, DROUGHT HEAT SALINITY TOLERANT, most individuals THORNLESS HORTICULTURAL VARIETY "var. inermis" and are MALE to avid large legumes, ROOT SUCKERS, not nitrogen fix, NATURALIZED in northeast/east of Appalachians

Robinia pseudoacacia

intolerant, fast growth mod long lived pioneer on wide range of sites old fields especially, USE TO RECLAIM MINED LAND IN APPALACHIANS, native to southern App. and Ozarks but NATURALIZED IN NE due to planting, widely planted in Europe as ornamental, NITROGEN FIXER very competitive on infertile soils sandy sites and outcompetes native pine barren plants and animals, WOOD GOOD FOR FUEL, grown for biomass and fence posts, a lot of root suckers

Acer rubrum

mod tolerant, fast growing, mod long lived tree on WIDEST RANGE OF SITE CONDITIONS THAT EXIST IN EASTERN USA, not dominating anywhere most abundant in swamps, a "soft maple" produces seeds mature in summer germinate without pretreatment, BASAL SPROUTER, abundance greatly increased recently due to fire suppression and timber harvest, quality of wood depends on site conditions, good ornamental for landscape for fruit and flower display

Acer saccharinum

intolerant to mod tolerant, very fast growing, short lived but large pioneer of floodplains, one of most commonly planted street tree despite MANY ISSUES like roots that heave sidewalks, FREEMAN MAPLE is naturally occuring hybrid of red and silver maple and good alternative for urban plantings without the issues

Acer negundo

mod tolerant, fast growing, short lived pioneer of floodplains and urban areas wide range of sites, aggressively BASAL SPROUTS when main stem cut, MOST COMMONLY OCCURING MAPLE IN USA, MOST GEOGRAPHICALLY DIST. MAPLE, many structural problems and bad for street or shade tree, limited commercial value beyond firewood, can be tapped but inferior for syrup

Tilia americana

tolerant fast growing, long-lived climax tree especially on limestone-based soils, more common in western portion of rang where it replaces F. grandifolia and is co-dominant with A. saccharum, STUMP SPROUTER, multi stem trees very common, important timber tree wood for cabinets hand carving and turning HIGHLY PRIZED FOR HONEY FROM FLOWERS, historically used as source for roping

Nyssa sylvatica

tolerant root sprouts to mod tolerant saplings, slow growth, long livd on wide range of soils, SWAMP TUPELO is a black gum variation, BASAL AND ROOT SPROUTS produce dense thickets, trees often HOLLOW and provide HABITAT TO WILDLIFE, famous TUPELO HONEY from another Nyssa in deep south, no salinity tolerance but great fall color and form

Cornus florida

tolerant slow growing SUBCANOPY that is site demanding due to shallow roots, dominate understory on mesic sites, FLOWER DISPLAY IN SPRING, too small for timber except special hardwood uses but GREAT LANDSCAPE TREE, not tolerant of streetside conditions, highly susceptible to fungus that causes ANTHRACNOSE DISEASE, hybridized with C. kousa resulting in versions that are disease resistant

Diospyros virginiana

"food of the gods" tolerant slow growing drought tolerant tree, variable in stature depending on root sprout or seed origin and site, large tree in bottomland soils and thicket forming along fence rows where dispersed by wildlife, very hard dark wood USED FOR GOLF CLUB DRIVERS, makes one of the BEST TASTING FRUITS (berry) OF NA TREES

Fraxinus americana

mod shade tolerant fast-growing pioneer on old fields or below gaps in canopy, seeds live for years in soil, site sensitive wont tolerate drought or floods, BASEBALL BATS EXCLUSIVELY WHITE ASH, being devastated by the EMERALD ASH BORER across the entire range, other ashes like green and black ash also susceptible to EAB, ASH YELLOWS also were an issue prior to EAB

Pinus rigida

intolerant pioneer on dry infertile acidic sandy barrens, usually with dry site oaks and gray birch, DOMINANT PINE OF PINE BARRENS, variable in stature depending on site can be shrub or full tree, BASAL SPROUT AND EPICORMIC SHOOTS after canopy removed by fire, FIRE CLIMAX SPECIES but NOT SEROTINOUS CONE, wood used for lumber and pulp

Juniperus virginiana

intolerant slow growing long lived (800+) pioneer of impoverished sites, aggressive pioneer on infertile acidic or alkaline barrens, often one of few species that dominates old pasturelands old fields, ONLY CONIFER SPECIES OCCURS IN ALL PORTIONS OF CENTRAL HARDWOOD REGION, wood is aromatic and rot resistant and MOTH RESISTANT, many cultivars for landscape ex. J. chinensis, ALTERNATE HOST FOR CEDAR-APPLE RUST