AP Bio unit 2

Ribosomes

Assembles amino acids to create protein

Endomembrane system

synthesize, process, package, and transport proteins and lipids throughout eukaryotic cells it also handles cellular waste removal cellular digestion and detoxification.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

synthesize and fold proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies chemicals

Golgi apparatus

receives proteins and materials from the ER, packages them and distributes them / modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles

Lysosomes

uses chemical to break down food and worn out cell parts / contain digestive enzymes to break down waste foreign material and old Cellular Parts

Vacuoles

stores food water and other materials

transport vesicles

act as transport containers for shipping materials around or out of the cell

Nuclear envelope

encloses the nucleus and directs RNA to the cytoplasm for protein production

Plasma membrane / Cell membrane

integrates protein / lipids synthesized by the system and controls what enters or leaves the cell / controls what comes into and out of a cell found in plants and animal cells

Mitochondria

produces the energy a cell needs to carry out its functions

Chloroplasts

captures energy from the sunlight and uses it to produce food in a plant cell

Nucleus

control center of the cell contains DNA

Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid where the organelles are found

Nucleolus

found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Centriole

A barrel shaped organelle composed of microtubules( found mostly in animal cells) that organizes spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during cell division

Flagella

long whip like tail appendages protruding from a cell that rotate or wave to propel the cell through fluid environments( Ex sperm cells or bacteria)

Cytoskeleton

a network of protein fibers- microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules- extending throughout the cytoplasm that provides structure support, maintain cell shape and facilitates internal movement

Eukaryotic cell

a complex cell type containing a membrane bound nucleus and specialized organelles: found in animals plants fungi and protists

Prokaryotic cell

a simple single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles with its genetic material floating freely in the cytoplasm( e g bacterial and archaea)

Cell wall

a rigid outer layer surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cells, fungi, bacteria, and algae that provides structural support, protection, and shape maintenance.

Surface area

The total exposed area of an object

Volume

the total amount of space that an object occupies

Surface area-to-volume ratio

The amount of surface area a cell or object has relative to its internal volume(SA:V)

Phospholipid

A lipid molecule made of a glycerol head with a phosphate group and two fatty acid tails, the main structural component of cell membranes

Hydrophilic

“Water loving”, substances( polar or charged) that easily interact with and dissolve in water

Hydrophobic

“water fearing”, Substances ( nonpolar) that repel and do not dissolve in water

Integral proteins

Proteins permanently embedded within the lipid bilayer, often spanning all the way through (transmembrane) to transport substances across

Peripheral proteins

Proteins temporarily attached to the inner or outer surface of the cell membrane that assist with cell signaling and structural support

Cholesterol

A steroid lipid embedded within the phospholipid bilayer that regulates membrane fluidity and stability across changing temperatures

Glycoproteins

proteins attached to carbohydrate chains on the cell surface that function in cell recognition, immunity, and signaling

Glycolipids

Lipids attached to carbohydrate chains on the cell exterior that maintain membrane stability and Aid in cell to cell recognition

Membrane proteins

Any protein attached to or embedded within a cell membrane that performs tasks like transport signaling, enzymatic activity, or cell adhesion

Steroids

A class of lipids defined by a structure of four fused carbon rings (e.g. cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone) that function as structural components or signaling hormones

selective permeability

The ability to allow certain molecules to cross the membrane but not others

Membrane permeability

The speed and ease of which substances move across the cell membrane

cell wall

Rigid outer boundary around plants fungal and bacterial cells for protection and support

Concentration gradient

The gradual difference in solute concentration between two areas, causing molecules to naturally move from higher to lower concentration

Passive transport

The movement of substances across a cell membrane along their concentration gradient without requiring cellular energy

Active transport

The movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient requiring cellular energy (usually ATP)

Endocytosis

A form of bulk active transport where the cell membrane folds inward to engulf materials into a vesicle to bring them inside the cell

Exocytosis

A process where vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell

Transport protein

Proteins that help specific molecules, like ions, cross the lipid bilayer

Channel protein

A transport protein with a hydrophilic pore that allows specific molecules or ions to passively diffuse across the membrane

Facilitated diffusion

Passive movement of specific molecules across the cell membrane through transport proteins down their concentration gradient

Ions

Charged atoms or molecules( such as N+, K+, or Cl-) formed when electrons are gained or lost

Aquaporins

Specialized channel proteins that specifically facilitate the rapid passage of water molecules across the cell membrane

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy carrying molecule used by cells to power active transport and metabolic processes

Electrochemical gradient

The combined difference in concentration and electrical charge across a membrane that drives ion movement

Na+/K+ATPase (Sodium-Potassium Pump)

A membrane protein that uses ATP to actively pump three sodium ions(Na+) out of the cell for every two potassium ions(K+) pumped in.

Membrane potential

 The electrical voltage potential across a sales membrane created by the unequal distribution of ions on either side

Tonicity

The ability of an surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water by osmosis based on solute concentration

Hypotonic

A solution with a lower solute concentration( and a higher water concentration) relative to the inside of a cell, causing water to enter the cell and potentially swell or burst it

Hypertonic

A solution with a higher solute concentration( and lower water concentration) relative to the cell inside of a cell causing water to leave the cell and shrink it

Isotonic

A solution with the same solute concentration as the inside of a cell, resulting in no net movement of water into or out of the cell

Osmosis

The passive movement of water molecules across a selective permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

water potential

Measure of the potential energy in water that predicts the direction in which water will flow( water always moves from an area of high water potential to lower water potential)

Homeostasis

The continuation psychological process by which an organism maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes

Osmolarity

The total concentration of all solute particles in a solution measured as the number of solute particles per liter of solution

Osmoregulation

The active process by which an organism controls the balance of water and dissolved solutes within its body to maintain osmotic stability

Solute

The minor component in a solution that is dissolved in a solvent (ex. salt, sugar)

Solvent

The substance( usually a liquid such as water) capable of dissolving other substances to form a solution

Compartmentalization

The division of the cellular interior into distinct,  membrane-bound regions (organelles) in eukaryotic cells, allowing specific metabolic reactions to occur efficiently in isolated in their environments without interfering with one another

Endosymbiotic Theory

The evolutionary theory stating that certain eukaryotic organelles specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as a free living prokaryotes that were engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotes host cell and established a mutually beneficial permanent symbiotic relationship