Cell responses to injury 1 and 2

what are the three things cuased by hypoxia

increase in anaerobic glycolysis so high lactic acid and low pH so condensing of nuclear chromatin

detachment of ribosomes so lower protein synth

Na+ pumps don’t work so water, sodium and calcium come in and K+ comes out so swelling of ER and cell and bleb formation

how have tourniquetst changed based on reperfusion injuries

release a bit every 15 minutes to prevent it

what if chemical agents aren’t direct toxicity

conversion of toxic metabolites through cytochrome P-435 cuasing membrane damage and formation of ROS

what is the weird infectious agent

prion

genetic abnormalities

misfolded proteins

damaged DNA accumulation

poor protein function

In short, what are the trhee things happening as a consequence of mitochondrial damage

ATP depletion

formation of MPTP channels

incomplete oxidative phosphorylation

how are ROS formed

inflammation

absorption of radiant energy

oxygen toxicity

transition metals

enzymatic metabolism of exogenous substances

reperfusion injury

NO

reduction oxidation reactions

what is the name of the ROS membrane thing

lipid peroxidation

give me three anti-oxidants

vitamin A C E

what happens as a consequence of membrane damage

increased permeability so enzyme leakage from lysosomes, impaired transport and osmolarity and contents leaking in plasma membrane and decreased ATP generation and apoptosis in mitochondrial

how do Ca2+ ions get into cells

cell, mitochondrial or ER membrane damage

or loss of Na+/K+ ATP pump

what are the 4 causes of endoplasmic reticulum stress

lower energy stores as ATP depletion

genetic mutations in proteins and chaperone proteins

viral infections

chemical insults

cuases of DNA damage

radiation,

drugs

ROS

aging

chemotherapeutics

how does hypertrophy happen

synthesis and assembly of intracellular structural components like proteins

physiological hypertrophy

uterine smooth msucel hypertrophy in pregnancy

what are teh two reasons for hyperplasia

increase funcitonal capacity of hormone sensitive organs due to increased stimulation

pathologic - neoplasia predisoposition

cuases of atrophy

decreased workload

denervation atrophy

loss of blood supply (three reasons)

senile atrophy

nutrition

loss of endocrine stimulation

pressure from neoplasm

what is metaplasia

well-differentiated cells are replaced by other well-differentiated cells

common in epithelium

pathologic metaplasia example

chicken oesophagus vitamin A deficiency leading to severe mucous gland squamous metaplasia

what is the other name for dysplasia

carcinoma in situ

what is karyomegaly

increase in nuclear size

what is the other thing that occurs in dysplasia that isn’t a cell type

icnreased mitotic figures

example of hypoplasia

kidney - unilateral normally