Effective Communication - TERM 2

Humans are Social Creatures

This means that each individual has this innate and biological drive to form connections with other individuals. As these social connections are formed relationships are established, groups are created, and individual needs are met. Simply pul social interactions are an essential component of human well-being.

Society

Defined as a group of people who live in a defined geographical region, interact with one another, and have a shared culture.

1. Family systems

2. Education systems

3. Religious systems

4. Economic systems

5. Political systems

6. Legal systems

Social Institutions

Social Institutions

Society is made up of patterns of relationships called

Social Groups

groups-collections of people who share a sense of identity because of common interests, experiences, and/or relationships

1. Primary Groups

2. Secondary Groups

Two kinds of Social Groups

Primary Groups

Play an important role in our overall development as individuals and much to our socialization.

Secondary Groups

on the other hand, are goal or tack-oriented groune that are mor concerned with accomplishing something rather than building lasting and intimate relationships It is possible for a person to move among secondary groups with ease simply because of a lat of any emotional ties.

1. Dyad

2. Triad

3. Large Group

Group Dynamics

Dyad

The group ceases to exist when one of the members decides to end the connection, similar to relationship breakups or friendships falling apart.

Triad

Even if one member leaves the group, the group itself still exists

Large Group

on the other hand, have a more complex dynamic because of the presence of multiple members. To establish order and avoid chaos, a leader or someone with authori takes charge. As a result a hierarchy is established with some individuals having more power Or influence than others.

Social Status

Social Roles

Refers to sets of behaviors, responsibilities, or expectations associated with the position of the status of the individual

Norm

a standard of behavior in accordance with that a society establishes as good, right, proper, and important.

Formal norms

Informal norms

Formal norms

established written rules that people are expected to follow. Street signs, company policies, and examination instructions all fall

Informal norms

are not written rules but rather casual behaviors that have been passed down by previous generations. Informal norms are learned through imitation and observation. Some informal norms universally observed include using forms of greetings and. showing respect to your parents.

Culture

can be loosely defined as the way a community lives their lives or functions in society

1. Material Culture

2. Non-material Culture

Two types of culture

Material Culture

refers to tangible, physical objects that serve as a representation of a group’s identity.

• Architecture (buildings, houses, churches, bridges)

• Furniture (chairs, tables, benches, cabinets)

• Tools (woodworking tools, metalworking tools, farming tools)
  Weapons (for hunting and self-defense)

• Clothing (robes, cloaks, trousers, ornaments)

• Musical instruments (strings, percussions, wind)

• Food and cuisine (soups, meat dishes, vegetable dishes)

• Signages (to show direction, to indicate location, to explain what something is)

• Literature (stories, poetry, drama)

Non-material Culture

Refers to non-tangible aspects of culture

Ex. Language, customs, belief, value, traditions, and etiquette

Perceptions based on one’s culture can influence how communication would take place.

1. Social Stratification

2. Discrimination

Challenges brought about by diversity

Social Stratification

refers to the classification of people based on social factors such as wealth, income, education, ethnicity, and sex, among others.

Discrimination

may manifest as unfounded prejudices, denial or rights, unequal opportunities, and mistreatment in the form of verbal harassment or even physical violence

Use people-first language

Use gender-inclusive language

Be mindful of age-bias language

Use inclusive language when talking about people with disabilities

Be conscious of racial or cultural biases

To promote inclusivity, People are advised to do the following:

Marginalization

By-product of discrimination and occurs when a discriminated group is put in a position where they are treated as unimportant and are therefore denied opportunities that they should be enjoying as members of society.

media

have always played a big part in human communication and interaction. In ancient times, cave paintings, clay tablets, and papyrus were used in communicating ideas, policies, and announcements.

Johann Gutenberg

Created printing press in the 1450s , paved the way for mass communication, allowing for messages to spread more rapidly and with wider coverage through books and newspapers. Broadcast media eventually came along in the forms of radio and motion pictures, further increasing people's capacity to spread ideas. Now, in the 21st century, social media has become a necessary component in everyday life.

Traditional media

refer to the forms of media that existed before the internet. These include print media, radio, and motion pictures.

one-way

Communication is typically

Content

produced by professionals and institutions and distributed to the audience with no provision for the latter to provide any form of feedback.

The exception to this would be call-in radio shows that offer limited interactivity, wherein the interaction is terminated once the call ends.

1. Content generally goes through rigorous screening, editing, and fact-checking.
   Established institutions (e.g. publishing firms, movie studios) control the distribution of content, and so there are generally more mechanisms and human resources available in making sure that content fits proper professional standards (e.g., correct grammar, well-developed images, politically correct language).

2. Release of content typically operates on a fixed schedule.
   There is usually a schedule that is followed by publication and broadcasting firms as to the release of content. For example, newspapers are printed daily. Some magazines are distributed quarterly or bi-monthly. Some TV shows are broadcasted daily, whereas others are broadcasted once a week.

3. Content production usually requires a large amount of financial resources.
   Content production for traditional media requires heavy-duty machinery and high-quality equipment such as computers, printers, cameras, and lapel microphones, to name a few.
   These kinds of resources cost a lot of money. For this reason, traditional media are controlled by companies that are financially capable of distribution.

4. The target is usually a broad audience.
   Traditional media are used interchangeably with mass media or mass communication because they are intended to deliver content to large groups of people at once.

Print media

refer to any form of communication that is presented as physical printed materials. (Refer to table 7.1 for the different forms.) Print media make use of text and visuals to communicate different kinds of messages. Information coming from print media is primarily picked up through reading.

1. Newspaper

2. Magazine

3. Poster

4. Billboard

5. Book

6. Brochure

7. Signage

8. Menu

Types of Print media

Newspaper

• Informs readers on various current issues and events affecting society, including politics, education, economics, entertainment, and safety, among others

• Provides a platform for the discussion of opinions and perspectives

Magazine

• Informs, educates, and entertains readers on various topics aligned with human interest, such as technology, fashion, and gaming, to name a few

• Provides a platform for advertisers to reach different audiences

Poster

• Serves various purposes such as event promotion, product advertising, education, and propaganda

• Uses design elements such as colors, images, and texts to convey a message intentionally

• Can be posted indoors and outdoors

Billboard

• Can be a form of outdoor advertising, mainly to grab the attention of passing drivers and pedestrians

• Appears in high-traffic areas to promote products, services, events, and political campaigns

Book

• May be fiction or nonfiction

• Explores a wide variety of genres and subject matter

• Transmits information, stories, and opinions

• Uses visuals (e.g., illustrations, photographs) in addition to text

Brochure

• Serves as a promotional tool and information guide

• Can be used to introduce and give information on a company, business, product, or service

• Makes it easier to carry around in a bag or purse because it is small and foldable

• Uses design elements such as colors, images, and texts to convey a message intentionally

Signage

Can be used for advertising, information dissemination, wayfinding, and branding

Menu

• Appears in food businesses such as restaurants and cafes

• Provides a list of dishes and food products available

• Communicates the restaurant's brand identity

Print media have a number of features that set them apart from other forms of media.

First, print media are tangible they can be held and manipulated physically. Second, print media generally contain more reliable and credible content due to fact-checking and editing processes involving several people. Third, print media have more longevity than other media forms that can be easily deleted, edited, or altered. Finally, print media are generally more accessible because there is no need for a device, battery life, or internet connection to use them.

Print media remain widely used in the 21st century despite the rise of digital media, though there recently has been a notable shift to digital resources in different professions and industries, as well as in the education sector. Some reasons for this include cost effectiveness, as well as environmental concerns and distribution limitations.

Radio

emerged in the early 20th century as a tool for mass communication and for entertainment. Using electromagnetic waves to transmit and receive information, radio was earlier used for military and commercial purposes, but it would eventually be used for broadcasting different kinds of content. Radio emphasizes the reception of auditory information.

1. Music program

2. news program

3. radio drama

4. radio talk show

Radio Program Formats

Music programs

Broadcasts music as the main content

• May also include segments for interviews, dialogues, and contests

News program

• Broadcasts news and current events

• May present content as news bulletins. in-depth reports, interviews discussions, and/or commentaries

Radio drama

• Broadcasts a recorded theatrical performance

Incorporates dialogue, sound effects, and music to create mental images

• Narrates a story for entertainment purposes

Radio Talk show

Broadcasts conversations and discussions on different topics and issues

• Often follows the format of an interview between the host and a guest

Radio continues to be a relevant media form in the 21st century for a number of reasons. First radio transmits information in real-time, and therefore, audiences are able to receive information immediately. Second, it has a wide and accessible reach and can cater to so many different people regardless of race and language. Third, radio can be adapted to modern technologies such as laptops, tablets, and mobile phones. Fourth, radio is more reliable during times of crises and emergencies due to the fact that it can run on batteries during power losses.

motion picture

(also known as movie or film)

is a series of images that are projected on a screen in rapid succession. Earlier forms of motion pictures had no audio and were known as silent films. By the 1930s, however, films with synchronized sound and dialogue (informally referred to as talkies) became more common, putting an end to the silent film era.

Unlike radio, which transmits auditory messages, —— provide the much desired visual element that not only makes information processing easier but also makes it more entertaining. ——- also capture one aspect of reality that cannot be found in print— the concept of movement.

1. Narrative film

2. documentary film

3. Experiment film

4. Animated Film

Types of motion picture

Narrative film

Tells a story through a series of events that are structured with a beginning, middle, and end Is usually fictional, though can also be based on real events and people

Documentary film

Aims to document real life for educational, instructional, or historical purposes Presents different perspectives or viewpoints toward an issue • Uses filmmaking techniques to engage and hold interest of the audience

Experimental film

Goes against the traditional conventions of filmmaking • Aims to explore the potentials of filmmaking techniques for artistic expression rather than tell a story

Animated film

Uses hand-drawn images, computer graphics, or photographs of inanimate objects to tell a story May be 2-D (two-dimensional) or 3-D (three-dimensiona.)

Television

emerged as a form of broadcasting media toward the end of the 1920s. Using the same technology of motion pictures as well as technology responsible for the transmission of audio and visual signals, TV took broadcasting communication to a whole new level. TV gave households so much more access to information and ideas than radio did as a result of the audiovisual content it gave. TV allowed for the broadcasting of news, sports shows, variety shows, cartoons, educational programs, reality shows, and so much more. TV redefined entertainment and education by introducing people to shows that tapped their emotions, imagination, and intellect. It provided a platform for businesses to showcase their products and services. Ultimately,

TV paved the way for people to learn even more about different cultures.

Digital media

(sometimes known as new media) refer to media forms that took shape thanks to the internet. Digital media include websites, social media platforms, blogs, vlogs, podcasts, and mobile applications.

1. Communication is two-way and interactive

2. Content can be transmitted and received anytime and anywhere.

3. Content can be created by individuals at a low cost.

4. Content typically does not undergo rigorous screening, editing, or fact-checking before distribution.

5. Content is personalized.

6. Digital media combines multiple content formats.

Digital media have the following characteristics:

Communication is two-way and interactive.

Digital media not only allow the audience to receive content but also to respond to the content. For example, users on social media can easily leave comments to posts. Messaging applications allow people to send and receive messages in real time.

.

Content can be transmitted and received anytime and anywhere.

Accessibility to content is one of the main benefits of digital media. As long as a device is connected to the internet, users can immediately engage with online content.

Thanks to digital media, users do not need to wait for the newspaper to know about events that happened a day before. News companies are able to use websites and social media to let the public know about significant and newsworthy events just minutes after they happen or even while these events are happening through live updates.

Content can be created by individuals at a low cost.

Digital media allow the common folk (e.g., housewives, OFWs, home cooks, parents) to create and distribute content without the use of sophisticated equipment. This is very different from traditional media forms, which are produced by institutions

Content typically does not undergo rigorous screening, editing, or fact-checking before

distribution.

Because content can be created and distributed by individuals, much of what can be found on digital media may contain false information, offensive language, and questionable content.

As a result, there are issues with regard to responsible posting as well as accountability,



Content is personalized.
Digital media platforms allow users to customize digital media use to their own personal preferences. For example, users are now able to select what they want to watch at any time—a feature that was not enjoyed by TV viewers during the 20th century.



Digital media combines multiple content formats.
Digital media can present content using a combination of text, graphics, audio, video, and animation.