HIS 121 - Exam #2 (Units 4-5)

The Greeks referred to their island as

Hellas

Pericles

Pericles was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age—specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Very well liked. He encouraged a strong navy, culture, science, writing, and philosophy

Draco

Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense (circa 7th century BC)

Darius III of Persia

king of Persia who fought a war with Alexander the Great (334 BCE.) and he lost giving Alexander control of Persia.

Solon

Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt

The Persian Wars (500-479 B.C.E.)

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.

Causes of the Persian War

1. Greek city states revolted against Persian rule

2. Athens supported the rebels

3. Persians wanted to punish Athens

Cyrus the Great

A remarkable leader who managed to reunite he Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under Cyrus, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world in 539 BC

End of Greek Empire

146 BCE, Rome sacks Corinth, 32 BCE, Rome conquers Athens and Macedonia

Wars of the Diadochi (322-281 BCE)

War between the successors of Alexander III of Macedon for the Greek Empire.

Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE)

Wars fought between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies; came in two stages, the first from c. 460-446 BCE and the second and more significant war from 431-404 BCE. With battles occurring at home and abroad, the long and complex conflict was damaging to both sides but Sparta, with financial help from Persia, finally won the conflict by destroying the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami in 405 BCE.

Delian League

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

Location of Athens/Sparta

Mainland / Peloponnesan pennisula

Location of Rome in Ancient Greece

Middle West of Rome on the Mediterranean.

The First Triumvirate was made up of

Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar

Second Triumvirate members

Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus

Ides of March

March 15, 44 BC the day Caesar was murdered by the Senate

Brutus

one of the assassins of Julius Caesar; made a speech to explain why Caesar had to be killed (leader).

Egyptians presented Caesar with the head of ______________________.

Pompey

Consul

Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other.

Consulate with Julius Caesar in 59 BC

Brutus

How did Rome become an empire?

1. Violence started being used as a political tool

2. Those in power lost focus of democracy, and instead focused on furthering themselves and their agenda.

3. No representation for many city-states led to internal uprising and discourse.

The Punic Wars were fought between

Rome and Carthage over their conflicting imperial ambitions

Roman Motto

SPQR; a Latin abbreviation for The Roman Senate and People.

Order of Roman government

Kingdom, republic, empire

Roman rulers opposed Christianity because

Christians would not worship Roman gods which they believed threatened their power

Compare and Contrast Athens and Sparta

Sparta: harsh, focused on military/large army, women had greater freedoms and could own property, wealth measured by military ability, ruled by a duel monarch with 2 hereditary kings from different families, used metal bars for trade/money, helots, women and men both joined the military at the age of 7, women were educated.

Athens: emphasis on education and arts for males, household duties for females, concern with democracy. Had an ecclesia representing the people, birthplace of democracy, women had few rights and did not attend school or fight in the military, used coinage for money.

Both: spoke Greek and excluded women, slaves, and non-Greeks from government

Greek Societies in chronological order from eldest to newest

Cycladic, Minoan, Mycenaean, Dark Ages, Classical Greek

Cycladic Greece (Bronze Age)

3000-2000 BC. The prehistoric art of the Aegean Islands around Delos, excluding Crete.

Minoan Civilization on Crete

developed on the island of Crete, life was tied deeply to the sea, women had important roles in society, peaceful, quick downfall due to volcanic eruption

Mycenaean Civilization

a greek civilization that took off where the Minoans left off (possibly conquered the Minoans), militaristic, expanded trade through sea raids, piracy, colonization - fought Troy in Trojan war, written about in Iliad (ca. 1400-1200 BC)

The "Dark Ages" of Greece refer to?

"The bad times in Greece." No mathematical or scientific achievements made in Greece at this time.

Classical Greece

This term refers to the time period of Greek History from 500 to 338 B.C. In 338 B.C. Greece was conquered by King Philip II, who was a Macedonian King. A time when Greek culture and ideas flourished.

Phillip of Macedon

King of Macedon who defeated a combined army of Thebes and Athens to become the ruler of the Greek city-states; father of Alexander the Great.

Democracy in Athens

-Athens is the birthplace of democracy

direct: all citizens voted on issues

limited: only a minority qualified as citizens

Athens democratic government

Athens is a city in Greece. It started the first Democracy where free male citizens were able to participate in their Government.

Socrates

Greek philosopher; Socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection. Founded the Academy in Athens and wrote The Apology and The Republic.

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Student to Plato ;The Mind and the Body are together and knowledge is learned with experience. The tutor of Alexander the Great.

Pythagoras

Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem

Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

Greek physician; "father of medicine"

Herodotus

Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. Wrote The Histories about the Persian Wars.

Aristophanes

an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC)

Thucydides

ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC)

Greek Tragedies

plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster

Three Tragedians

Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides

Phidias

Athenian sculptor who supervise the building of the Parthenon. built a statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the seven wonders of the world as well as Athena and supervised the building of the Parthenon.

Marc Anthony

A daring general in the army of Julius Caesar who rose to become one of Caesar's closest colleagues. He was part of the Second Triumvirate, and had an affair with Cleopatra VII. After Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C., he jumped into the struggle for control of Rome. He finally lost to Octavian and committed suicide with Cleopatra.

Julius Caesar

Part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life". Was one of two Consuls in 59 BC and was part of the First Triumvirate. Fantastic military leader. Was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E. led by Brutus.

Octavian/Augustus

Julius Caesar's grandnephew, later known as Augustus. By defeating Mark Antony, he gained rule of all roman lands. He was Rome's first true emperor.

Brutus

Consul with Caesar. Joins and then leads the conspiracy to kill Caesar

Crassus

General who defeated Spartacus. Crucified 6,600 slaves on the Apennine way. He later served in the First Triumvirate. Richest man in Rome.

How Rome went from republic to empire under Caesar and Augustus

Though the Roman Republic stood for several centuries, tensions within the government began to tear it apart. Civil wars started between groups with different loyalties, which brought about the transformation of the republic into an empire.

Julius Caesar and Pompey fought one another in civil wars between the patricians and the plebeians. This tore apart the republic. The Senate became fearful of Caesar's power and began to plot against him; however, he was named dictator for life and in revenge of such, killed by the Senate, led by Brutus.

His successor Augustus (Octavian) would then rule and increase the size of the Empire and become Emperor.

How Rome went from a Kingdom to a Republic

509 BC, Romans overthrew the last Etruscan King who ruled and founded a Republic. It was a representative democracy run by the wealthiest in Rome. the heart of the Republic was the Senate and later a counsel of Plebs was added.

Diocletian

Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.

Romulus Augustulus (476)

476; last Roman emperor; disposed by a barbarian general who entered Italy, defeated Romulus, and sent the imperial insignia to Constantinople "don't need an emperor" - Last Emperor before the fall of Rome.

Eastern Rome Empire

Became the Byzantine empire, split by Diocletian