Intro to Public Health Exam 2

pathogen

In the chain of infection: _____________ is the disease-causing agent

reservoir

in the chain of infection: _______________ is the environment in which an infectious agent normally lives and grows

place of exit

in the chain of infection: ___________________ is the path by which an agent leaves the source host

transmission

in the chain of infection: __________________ is the method by which pathogens are passed

port of entry

in the chain of infection: _____________________ is the path by which an agent enters a susceptible host

new host

in the chain of infection: __________________ this is the final link in the chain

1960s; medicine

infectious diseases seemed to be conquered by ____________________ and seened to be virtually eliminated through public health and _________________

not completely

were infectious diseases eliminated in the 1960s

purify water; dispose of sewage; pasteurize milk; immunize; improve nutrition and hygiene; use antibiotics

what were some of the public health measures used to conquer infectious diseases

fecal-oral; aerosol; sexual contacts

what are the methods of transmission for bacterial infections

typhoid fever; tuberculosis; syphilis

an infection spread by fecal-oral route is __________________; by aerosol is _____________________; by sexual contact is _____________________

sexual/blood contact; bite of animal

what are the methods of transmission for viruses

AIDS; rabies

a virus spread by sexual/blood contact is ____________________; by animal bite is ___________________

smallpox, poliomyelitis; measles

what are three diseases that we have eradicated or are aiming to eradicate

poliomyelitis; measles; Herpes Simplex II

identify three viral diseases

typhoid fever, tuberculosis, syphilis

identify three bacterial diseases

malaria; lyme disease; west nile virus

identify three infectious diseases that are transmitted by a vector

antibiotics; reservoir; transmission; immunization

the four methods for interrupting the chain of infections are: kill pathogens with ______________________; eliminated the __________________________; prevent __________________________________; increase resistance by _________________________________

bacterial

can antibiotics treat viral or bacterial infections

sexual contact; sharing needles; mother to infant; blood transfusions

identify the four methods of transmitting AIDS

homosexual; heterosexual

___________________ contact is the most common way of transmitting AIDS in the U.S.; _________________ contact is the most common worldwide

water-borne

what is the mode of transmission for cholera

aerosol; air-borne

what is the mode of transmission for tuberculosis

mosquito bite

what is the mode of transmission for malaria

1981; retrovirus; immune system

HIV was first discovered in the U.S. in ______________________ and is caused by a _______________________ that attacks ______________________

antibodies; viruses; cure

Screening for HIV recognizes __________________ and can measure ___________________ in the blood; drugs are available, but no ________________--

ecological damage/close contact with wildlife; agricultural practices; travel internationally; international distribution of food/animal; no restrain on sexual behavior or drug use

what are the factors for the emergence of new infectious diseases (5)

use condoms; use clean needles; treat pregnant women with antiretroviral drugs

what are three practices that are considered effective in preventing HIV transmission

influenza; vaccines

this virus is constantly mutating ________; ________________ must be changed frequently

20-40

influenza of 1918-1919 killed __________________ million worldwide

bird; H1N1

this flu is a concern in Asia because it is potentially lethal to humans __________________; this flu is a concern in the U.S. _____________________________

antibiotics in animal feed; prescribing antibiotics for viral infections; patients not taking full course of antibiotics

what are three factors that are contributing to the widespread antibiotic resistance

anthrax; salmonella

what are two pathogens that have been used in a bioterrorism attack in the U.S.

chronic diseases

what is now the leading cause of death and disability

chronic diseases

these develop over a long period of time but can occur at a relatively young age; there is the possibility of secondary prevention

tobacco use; high cholesterol; high blood pressure; physical inactivity

what are the four major risk factors for cardiovascular disease

different; mutations in DNA; mutations; genetically

cancer is not one disease, but many and each one is _________________; it arises from __________________; ___________________ caused by chemicals, viruses, over-exposure to radiation; can be ________________ predisposed to a particular type of cancer

hereditary ( failure of insulin-producing cells in pancreas)

what is the risk factor for Type I Diabetes (Insulin dependent/childhood)

insulin resistance; related with obesity

what are the risk factors for Type II Diabetes (non insulin dependent/adult)

no smoking; reduce blood pressure; reduce cholesterol; exercise; maintain healthy weight

list five lifestyle changes that could reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease

viruses; chemicals; radiation

identify three potentially carcinogenic agents

lung cancer; hypertension; cardiovascular disease

what are three health challenges for which smoking has been identified as a risk factor

cardiovascular disease

diabetes puts an individual at an increased risk of _______________

obesity

________________ increases the risk of developing Type II diabetes

often goes undiagnosed

discuss the diagnosis of diabetes

reduce salt and stress; don't smoke; maintain healthy weight; exercise

what are the recommended lifestyle changes when you have hypertension

weight (kg) divided by height (meters)

what is body mass index

cardiovascular disease; diabetes; some cancers

what are three diseases for which obesity and inactivity are factors

1960s

prevalence of overweight and obese has been increasing since _______________

71; 33; 61; 35

among men ___________ are overweight and ____________ are obese; among women _______________ are overweight and ____________ are obese

women; men

black ___________ are more likely to be overweight or obese, but black ________ have the same prevalence as white

socio economic status

higher ________ is associated with lower rates of overweight and obesity

1-3

what percent of americans get the recommended number of servings of all food groups

iceberg lettuce; potatoes; canned tomatoes

what are the vegetables Americans eat the most

soft drinks; milk

increased intake of _____________ and less ___________________ leads to increased childhood obesity

sedentary lifestyle; overeating; eating junk food

what are lifestyle factors that contribute to being overweight

fruits; vegetables; whole grains; fat-free milk

federal guidelines recommend that Americans increase their consumption of these four things

soft drinks

what contributes the most to overweight children

nutrition labels; education spots on TV; choosemyplate.gov

what are three public health measures aimed at reducing the incidence of obesity

cancer; heart disease; diabetes

what are three health concerns that a sedentary lifestyle can lead to

HDL; lifespan

exercise increases ____________ and ________________

walking school bus; dance programs in school; pedometers

what are three successful public health measures for increasing activity level

poverty

what is the number one risk factor for infant mortality

lack of prenatal care; poor nutrition; risky behaviors; social factors; environmental hazards

why does low SES increase risk of infant mortality

WIC

what program helps alleviate lack of prenatal nutrition

decreasing

is the infant mortality rate increasing or decreasing

genetic screening; FDA regulation of teratogenic drugs; warning of no alcohol for pregnant women; immunize children for rubella; dietary supplements with folic acid

what are five public health measure aimed at preventing congenital anomalies in babies

screening programs; prevent parents' exposure to teratogenics

what is the public health intervention for prevention of birth defects

affordable access to prenatal care; good nutrition early in pregnancy

what is the public health intervention for reducing prematurity and low birth weight

put infants to sleep on their back

what is the public health intervention for reducing the risk of SIDs

50

SIDs rate has fallen by over _____%

Australia and New Zealand

where is SIDs more common than in the U.S.

access to prenatal care; reduce adolescent pregnancy; reduce maternal smoking; reduce maternal gum disease

what are four methods of reducing the risk of low birth weight in infants

WIC; School meals; SNAP

what are three government programs that provide nutrition to women and children

immunizations

what are required before a kid can enter school

cervical

there is controversy over HPV vaccine for girls to prevent ___________ cancer

CDC

what tracks immunization rates