Learn: UNLV Chapter 23 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Anatomy

The study of the STRUCTURE and FORM of bodies

Physiology

The study of the FUNCTION of body parts

Structure often determines

function

Tightly packed cells with many cell layers

Barrier and protection

Very thin cell layers with extensive surface area

Diffusion and transport

Mineralized (hard) extracellular space

Rigid Support

Fibrous extracellular space

Flexible support

Elongated cells with contractile proteins

movement

Elongated excitable cells with complex cellular connections

long-distance communication

Animal life begins as a single fertilized cell

zygote

Genome

Total amount of native DNA in an organism's cell

Every body cell (known as somatic) in an organism contains

same genome

Same DNA

Different cell types

Gene expression (central dogma of biology)

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

Somatic cells have the same

genome

Different cells express

different genes

Animal bodies have 4 general tissue types

Connective

Musicle

Epithelial

Nervous

All animal tissues are cells embedded in an

extracellular matrix

Extracellular matrix

A network of filamentous proteins, carbohydrates, and interstitial fluid secreted by the cells in the tissue

Extracellular matrix provides

structure, support, and facilitates cell-to-cell comunication

Each tissue's extracellular matrix differs

in amount, composition, and function

Epithelial tissues

Tightly packed cells covering the internal and external surfaces of the body

Ex: skin, mucus membranes, lining of digestive tract, lung lining

3 Main epithelial functions

Protection/barrier

ex. skin

Absorption (moving materials in)

ex. Intestinal lining, kidney

Secretion (moving materials out)

ex. Kidney, glands

Epithelial tissues have

polarity

Apical side

The side exposed to an internal cavity or external surface

Basal side

The side connected to other tissues via basement membrane

Basement membrane glues

epithelial tissue to underlying tissues like connective tissue or muscle

Epithelial cells form tight dense sheets of cells

Cell junctions important for bind cells together and to underlying tissues

Epithelial tissues are classified by

SHAPE and CELL LAYER NUMBERS

Simple epithelial tissues

one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane

Stratified epithelial tissue

have multiple cell layers

Simple squamous epithelium

A single layer of flattened cells that allow substances to pass by diffusion and osmosis

Simple squamous epithelium found in

Lining of Blood vessels

Exchange surfaces of lungs

Simple Columnar epithelial tissue

A single layer of column-shaped cells that secrete and absorb substances (can have cilia to move things)

Simple Columnar epithelial tissue is found in

Lining of digestive tract

Bronchi of lungs

Uterine tubes

Simple Cuboidal epithelial tissue

A single layer of cuber-shaped cells that secrete and absorb substances

Simple Cuboidal epithelial tissue is found in

Glands

Lining of Kidney Tubules

Stratified Squamous epithelial tissue

Multiple layers of flattened cells that protect areas subject to abrasion

Stratified squamous epithelium is found in

Outer Layer of Skin

Outer layers often dead cells

Connective Tissue

Serve to connect tissues, fill spaces in the body, protect organs, provide structural support, and systemic transport

Connective tissue often contains relatively few cells in

an extensive extracellular matrix

Adipose tissue is found in

Fat cells in minimal extracellular matrix

Adipose Function

Stores fat for energy and insulation

Adipose Location

Beneath skin

Between Muscles

Around heart

Around joints

Blood

Red Blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a liquid matrix

Blood function

Transport gases, hormones, wastes, and nutrients

Blood is found inside

Blood vessels

Bone tissue

Cells in matrix of collagen and minerals. Mineralization makes the bone very solid

Bone function

Provides firm support in the skeleton

Anchors muscles for movement

Bone is found in

skeletons

Cartilage

Cells in matrix of fine collagen protein fibers

Cartilage function

Provides flexible support:

Ears

Joines

Bone ends

Respiratory tract

Dense connective tissue

Cells in dense matrix of protein fibers

Dense connective tissue function

Connects muscle to bone and bone to bone

Dense connective tissue is found in

Tendons

Ligaments

Loose connective tissue

Cells in loose matrix of elastin and collagen fibers

Loose connective tissue function

Holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissues to other tissues

Loose connective tissue is found in

Under Skin

Between organs

Muscle Tissues

Create movement

3 Muscle tissue types

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

Skeletal Tissue

Voluntary body movements

Cardiac Tissue

Involuntary heart movements that propels blood around body

Smooth Tissue

Involuntarily moves some internal substances

Nervous tissue

Rapidly transmits information through body

Nervous tissue uses

Electrochemical signals to rapidly transmit information throughout an animal's body

Nervous tissue: 2 major cell types

neurons and neuroglia

Neurons

Directly transmits signals and form extensive communication networks

Neuroglia

Surround, support, and protect neurons

Nervous tissue found in

Central nervous system:

Brain and Spinal Cord

Peripheral nervous system:

Nerves

Organ systems

Comprise multiple organs that have interconnected structures and functions

Organ system function

Multiple organs function together to perform larger-scale functions for the organisms

The Nervous system

Rapid electrical communication

The Endocrine system

Produces and secretes hormones-chemicals that travel around the body and regulate numerous body functions

The Skeletal system

Consists of bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

Skeletal muscle system

Attached to a bone, which is moved as the muscle contracts

Cellular ATP generation requires the

digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems

Digestive system

Food is broken down into simple molecules (monomers) and moved into the blood

Circulatory system

The heart moves blood around body which contains the absorbed food molecules and respiratory gases (oxygen and CO2)

Respiratory system

Lungs supply oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration and removes CO2 from tissues back to the atmosphere.

The ____, _____,____ systems eliminate toxic substances and infectious microorganisms that harm the body

Urinary, immune, and lymphatic

Integumentary system

Provides a physical barrier to the external environment

Reproductive system

produces specialized sex cells called gametes

(sperm and egg).

Some mammals, female carry offspring in a uterus made of

Muscle, nervous, and epithelium

Reproductive system function requires other systems:

Nervous, endocrine, and circulatory

Homeostasis

Maintaining a consistent internal state

Homeostasis is often maintained by

feedback loops

Components of feedback loop:

Sensor

Control center

Effectors

Sensor(receptor)

senses the current physiological condition

A control center (integrator)

Compares current condition to a "set-point"

2 Feedback loop categories

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Negative feedback

When a change in a physiological condition triggers a response that directly reverses the change.

Positive feedback

when a change in a physiological condition further amplifies/increases changes which rapidly drives some event to its end point

Hypothalamus is a part of many

homeostasis feedback loops

hypothalamus function for homeostasis

A "master control center" in the brain that responds to

sensors in multiple organ systems.

Can regulate organs in each system to limit changes

and maintain homeostasis

What regulates most homeostatic functions?

Negative feedback

Body temperature is regulated through

negative feedback loops

Too low (cold)=effectors are activated to bring temperature

back up

shivering response- rapid muscle contraction produces extra heat

Too high (hot)= effectors activated to bring temperature down

sweat glands activated, sweat released, and evaporation of sweat from body surface removes heat

Positive feedback is rarer:

Amplifies changes rather than reverses them

Examples of positive feedback

Child birth

Blood clotting