indigeneity - social inequalities

environmental stewardship

cultural and linguistic diversity

social justice and human rights

political structure

importance of indigeneity

indios

infieles

classification of filipinos during spanish era

indios

term used for christianized natives, legally incorporated into the colonial system

infieles

non christian groups (often upland or muslim communities) considered outside the colonial fold, subject to military campaigns and missionary effects

peninsulares

insulares/creoles

mestizos

indios

racial pyramid of spanish era

peninsulares

spaniards born in spain

insulares/creoles

spaniards born in the ph

mestizos

mixed ancestry like chinese mestizos

indios

majority indigenous population

filipinos

moros

non-christian tribes

subdivision of population during the american era

filipinos

christianized groups. considered “civilized” and integrated into governance

moros

muslim groups in mindanao and sulu. treated as distinct, often resistant to colonial control

non-christian tribes

upland indigenous communities. categorized as primitive and placed under the bureau of non-christian tribes

barangays

self governing communities

datu

the leader or the chieftain (captain)

maharlika, timawa, alipin

ruling datu class

maharlika

nobles/freemen

timawa

commoners/freemen

alipin

dependents or “slaves” with varying degress of freedom and obligations, often debt-based

reduccion system

forced resettlements into towns around churches

encomienda and hacienda systems

systems that bind indigenous farmers to colonial landlord

allowed limited elite participation but excluded moros, and non christian tribes from mainstream politics

social inequality

is the uneven distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges across groups in society

economy

education

politics

culutre

in the ph, inequalityis most visible in what aspects

norway, finland, sweden

where were sami people located

cultural suppression

economic marginalization

limited political representation

key issues of sami people

mamanwa

are one of the indigenous groups in mindanao that have long experienced marginalization

poverty and domestic struggles

health environment risks

educational inequity

infrastracture gaps

key issues of mamanwa

poverty and domestic struggles

lack of livelihood opportunities, high levels of poverty

health and environmental risks

limited access to healthcare services, environmental threats due to mining

educational inequity

high illiteracy rates; shortage of schools and teachers

infrastracture gaps

weak infrastracture, lack of roads and transportations

lumad

is a collective term for various muslim ips in mindanao

displacement

education crisis

threats to lands and rights

key issues of lumad

academic transition struggles (online-ftf)

lack of allowance, food, transport

technology barriers

social pressures

key issues of indigenous filipino students in higher ed.

colonial dispossession

encroachment and illegal fishing by outsiders

misinterpretation of commons as open access

threats to cultural practices tied to sacred waters (panyaan0 and subsistence livelihoods

key issues of tagbanua

formation of the tagbanua foundation (1985) to reclaim rights

pursued cadc (certificate of ancestral land domain) approved in 1998 covering 22,284 ha of land and sea

community mapping and gis to document ancestral waters

integration of cultural taboos, fish sanctuaries. and watershed protection into resource management

coping strategies

Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA, 1997)

guarantees rights to ancestral domains, self-govemance, social justice, and cultural integrity.

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP, 2007)

affirms rights to land, identity, and self-determination.

cultural continuity

Practices like the Tagbanua's panyaan (sacred waters) and Lumad schools sustain identity despite external pressures

sustainable practices

Communities maintain sustainable practices (fish sanctuaries, watershed protection, traditional farming) that strengthen resilience against climate and economic shocks.

cultural continuity

sustainable practices

2 types of b. Community Resilience

Grassroots organizations:

Tagbanua Foundation, Lumad community schools, and Mamanwa advocacy groups mobilize collective action

Alliances with NGOs and academe:

Partnerships with groups like Conservation International, ELAC, and universities amplify Indigenous voices.

Transnational solidarity:

Global Indigenous movements (e.g., Sami advocacy in Europe) connect local struggles to international platforms.

Grassroots organizations:

Alliances with NGOs and academe:

Transnational solidarity:

types of c. Advocacy and Alliances

rights of indigenous peoples

community resilience

advocacy and alliances

types of coping and resistance