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Cellular/molecular genetics

Involves the study of genetics at the level of the basic building blocks of bodies (cells) and at the most fundamental level of genetic transmission, DNA molecule

Stabilizing selection

RNA

Enables protein synthesis and has three forms, messenger, transfer and ribosomal

Classical or Mendelian genetics

Classical genetics done by Mendel or Johansson involves looking at the pedigree of related individuals. Tracking how various traits are passed from one generation to the next. Interested in the observable traits and bodies that they influence.

Gene flow

Movement of genes between populations

Genetic drift

Random changes in gene frequency within a population (e.g natural disaster)

Founder effect

A component of genetic drift theory, stating that new populations hat become isolated from the parent population carry only the

genetic variation of the founder (random natural barrier)

Population genetics

Examining the genetic variation within and between populations, gain insight into the evolutionary history of those populations and of the species as a whole

Trisomy

Extra chromosome (Down syndrome, Edwards, Patau etc.)

Monosomy

When one chromosome is absent (Turner syndrome)

Viable

Born alive, can reproduce, grows to maturity

Bottleneck

Large genetically diverse undergoes a rapid reduction in size and then increases again

Sexual selection

Differential reproductive success among either males or female females within a species (Peacock))

Reproductive isolating mechanism (RIM)

geographically isolated demes must accumulate new mutations that are not shared between demes

Pre-mating RIM’s

Habitat, temporal, behavioral mechanical incompatibility/isolation

Anagenesis

Evolution of a trade or a species into another over a multiple generations. Original population disappears/completely transforms

Cladogenesis

Evolution through the branching off of a species or a lineage. Original population may still be around.

Allopatric speciation

Evolutionary process where a single population becomes geographically isolated into separate groups. (Example physical barrier form such as mountain range river trench)

Phylogenic

Tree line diagrams. Determining evolutionary relationship’s between species. Done by comparing observable traits.

Behavioral genetics

Trying to understand how the behavior of animals and humans is influenced by genetics

Point mutation

A single base in a cell is changed (sugar phosphate, etc.)

Deletion mutations

When base pairs in DNA are deleted, changing the base sequence of a gene

What are the three things that DNA has to do?

Replicate make proteins and coordinate the activity of proteins

The term gene was invented after DNA was discovered

False

Which of these is not a metaphor used by scientist to describe genes?

Homonculus

Adult cells are totipotent . True or false?

False

The _____ contains organelles

Cytoplasm

The process where cells reproduce themselves is called

Mitosis

What is the diploid number of human chromosomes?

46

In most eukaryotic cells, the most prominent structure is

The nucleus

A cell with 50% of the full complement of chromosomes is called a

Haploid

Latest estimates indicate the number of human genes as approximately

20k to 30kh

The majority of DNA does not do anything but replicate

True

A karyotype is just a simple photo of chromosomes

Fakse

The basic building blocks of the body's cells and the chemical calalysts for the cell's reactions are

Proteins

Organelles re common to

Eukaryotes