exam 1

anatomy

study of body structures

gross anatomy

region or systemic anatomy

microscopic study of anatomy

two types - cytology (study of cells) and histology (study of tissues)

what does structure determine

the function

physiology

study of the function of the body

what are physiologies subdivisions based on

the bodies organ systems

what are the organ systems

integumentary system (skin)

skeletal system

muscular system

nervous and endocrine system

cardiovascular system

lymphatic system

digestive system

respiratory system

urinary system

skeletal system key functions

framework, protection, attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells, and support/movement

muscular system key functions

movement, main source of body heat, maintains posture

nervous and endocrine system key functions

control and communication

integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses or hormones

cardiovascular system key functions

transport of gases, nutrients, blood cells, and wastes

lymphatic system key function

transportation of fluids, lymphatic production, and body defense

digestive system key functions

receives food, breaks down food, and excretes wastes

respiratory system key functions

exchange of gases

urinary system key functions

removes blood wastes (blood filter), regulates electrolytes and waste balance, and blood pressure

example of interrelationship between body organs

lungs have no skeletal muscles so the ribcage and diaphragm help the lungs pull in oxygen and then CVS transports the oxygen around the body and the kidneys then filter that blood

homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal environment

homeostatic mechanisms

self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects them as needed

what are the three constant parts of a homeostatic mechanism

1. receptor

2. control center

3. effector

receptor

detects and provides info abt the stimulus

control center

decision maker that maintains the set point

effector

muscle or gland that responds to the control center and causes the needed change in the internal environment

what are the two types of homeostatic mechanisms

negative feedback and positive feedback

what is the most common type of homeostatic mechanism

negative feedback

negative feedback

effector returns conditions toward normal range and lessens deviation from the set point

prevents a sudden and severe change in the body

why is it called negative feedback

it is in response to the change moves the variable in the opposite directions of the deviation from the set point

examples of negative feedback

body temp, BP, blood sugar'

why are positive feedback mechanisms short lived

it produces unstable conditions that seem like they will not lead to homeostasis but they actually do

positive feedback

activity of effector is increased initially instead of decreasing

the deviation from set point is more intense

examples of positive feedback

pregnancy and blood clotting

where is the control center for the homeostatic mechanism

brain

homeostatic imbalance

disturbance of homeostasis and causes an increased risk of disease and can contribute to changes that are associated with aging

what happens if a negative feedback mechanism is overwhelmed

a destructive positive feedback mechanism may take over like in the case of heart failure

• w/ weak heart there is less blood ejected which causes lowered BP and body then constricts blood vessels tighter or kidneys hold more water to try to raise BP which puts more pressure on the heart and makes it weaker = continuation of cycle

anatomical position

standing erect (upright), facing forward, upper limbs at side, and palms facing outward

anatomical terms of relative position are based on a person standing in what position

anatomical position

superior and inferior are relative to what

the head

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior/ventral

toward the front

posterior/dorsal

towards the back

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from the midline

bilateral

paired structure or on both sides

proximal

point of attachment is close to the trunk

distal

point of attachment is far from the trunk

what are proximal and distal used for

limbs and bones

superficial

close to body surface

deep

internal

ipsilateral

on the same side

contralateral

on the opposite side

the fingers are what to the elbow

distal

the nose is what to the cheekbones

medial

the blood vessel is what compared to the skin

deep

the heart is what to the liver

superior

the spine is what to the breastbone

posterior

what are the three body sections/planes

1. sagittal section

2. transverse or horizontal section

3. frontal/coronal section

sagittal section

longitudinal cuts that divide the body into left and right portions

what are the two subtypes of sagittal sections

mid-sagittal section

para-sagittal section

mid-sagittal section

divides body into equal left and right portions

para-sagittal sections

divides body into unequal left and right portions

transverse/horizontal section

divides the body into superior and inferior (top/bottom)

frontal/coronal section

longitudinal cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

its made of elements

solid, liquids, and gases are all matter

element

is the simplest form of matter with certain chemical properties

how many naturally occurring elements are there

98

atoms

smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element

what are bulk elements

elements required by the body in large amounts

what bulk elements make up 96% of the body

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

what are other bulk elements needed by the body

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, and magnesium

what are trace elements

elements required by the body in small amounts

examples of trace elements

cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, and zinc

decreased iodine causes what

goiter

what is the only part of the body that uses iodine

the thyroid gland

inorganic molecules

usually dont contain C or H and dissolve in water

examples of inorganic molecules

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts

organic molecules

contain C and H

these dissolve in water and organic liquids

these are the four main classes of macromolecules

four main types of macromolecules

CHO, protein, lipids, nucleic acids

polymers

chains of similar subunits

monomer

subunits

example of polymer and monomers

protein = amino acids

nucleic acids = nucleotides

cho = monosaccharides

how are polymers created

dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

is the removal of water to join two monomers together with a covalent bond

how are polymers broken down

hydrolysis

hydrolysis reaction

adding water back into the polymer which breaks down the bond connecting the two monomers

what is the main source of cellular energy

carbohydrates

what are the size classifications of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and polysaccharides

monosaccharides

single sugars like glucose, fructose, ad galactose (hexose sugars) and pentose sugars (deoxyribose and ribose)

only form of CHO that we can digest

disaccharides

are double sugars like sucrose, maltose, and lactose

polysaccharides

are complex sugars like starch and glycogen

where is glycogen found

in liver and muscle cells as short-term storage of glucose

glycogen

is the main storage of glucose in animals

can be digested in humans

starch

main storage form of glucose in plants

can be digested in humans

cellulose

cant be used by humans cause we dont contain the enzyme needed to break it down

can be used by horses, cows, and sheep

oligosaccharides

are usually the sugary coating (glycocalyx) around our cells that cause a cell signature that is used for cell identification

lipids main function

energy storage, insolation, protection

three main types of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

triglycerides

are made of three fatty acids bonded to a glyceride

oils are liquids and fats are solids

used as long term energy storage (as adipocytes)

saturated fatty acid

is a solid animal fat and has no double bonds between carbon atoms

unsaturated fatty acids

liquid plant based fats (olive oil) and heart healthy fats

contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

phospholipids

made of 1 glycerol, fatty acid, and a phosphate

have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends

major component of the cell membrane