Human Sexuality Exam 2

mons pubis

aka mons venoris pad of fatty tissue over pubic bone, sensitive to stimulation and pressure

labia majora

outer folds of vulva, made out of same tissue as scrotum → has hair on it and lots of nerve endings (sensitive)

vulva

everything in the area

labia minora

inner folds of vulva very different pink and smooth no hair, contains cliteral hood, and ends at perineum, super sensitive highly innervated

vestibule

everything inside labia minora (urethral and vaginal opening)

bartholins glands

two small glands on either side of vagina and secrete moisture for lubrication during sexual arouals (inside cant see)

hymen

membrane that partially covers vaginal opening at birth, look for at birth, usually broken by exercise, masturbation (culturally means your a virgin but inaccurate)

perineum

area between anus and vaginal opening, innervated by nerves, durring childbirth tears/cuts to make room for babies head (epesiotomy) now days dont cut and not recommended

glans clitoris

erectile tissue so becomes hard and sticks out when aroused, same amount of nerves as mans penis but concentrated, only purpose is sexual pleasure

clitoral hood

protects clitoris from overstimulation, comes from labia minora, highly innervated (not as sensitive as glans)

crura

2 branch off and go along sides of vagina, erectile tissue so enlarge and fill with blood when aroused and 3.5 inches long and contribute to pleasure (same as corpora cavernosa in men)

how long is the clitoral shaft

1 inch

female circumsicion and genital mutiliation

to ensure womens purity, typically cut off clitors and labia minora and sew vesitbule shut, common in countries where women =property → has to be cut and reopened every time you have sex and childbirth

no approved by medical community and large death rate

ovaries

two, reproductive organ that produce and release over (eggs), also secrete hormones, women are born with the number of eggs but mature gravitate towards edge of ovary and one is released

graffian follicle

the one follicle that has the egg that gets released by ovulation (other ones get reabsorbed)

corpus luteum

graffian follicle after egg is released and begins to release estrogen and progesterone to prepare body for pregnancy

fallopian tubes

where contraception occurs, one over or other is active, has fimbria that guide egg into tube

uterus

recieves and nurtures fertilized egg, endo, myo, and perimetrium

endometrium

innermost layer, what is shed during menstruation, lots of blood vessels, rich tissue for egg to attach to

myometrium

thick middle layer, very muscular, contraacts during childbirth and orgasm

perimetrium

thinnest outermost layer, helps uterus maintain shape and holds uterus position in body

cervix

at neck of uterus where it opens to vagina, circular muscle that holds tight during not pregnancy, goes from 0-10 cm dialated during childbirth

vagina

tubular canal that aconnect uterus to vaginal opening, muscular and elastic, needs to be stretchy for sex and childbirth, most nerves closest to the opening (outer 1/3)

g or grafenberg spot

some women responsive to stimulation on the front wall of vagina and report intensified pleasure

nipple

center where milk passes through technically only the very center that sticks out, multiple holes not one

areola

colored tissue that surrounds nipple and bumps are sebaceous glands that help lubricate during breastfeeding

lobes, alveoli

lobes 15-25 clusters of mammary glands, alveoli are individual glands that produce milk

size and function of breasts

no relationship between size and function, just a variation in fatty tissue around glands

fertility and breast feeding: hormones

higher levels of prolactin inhibits LH which stimulates ovulation, ovulation prevented often and preventative measure for contraception while breast feeding but dont use as birth control, when you lower feeding progesterone goes down

hypothalamus releases what

GnRH which controls for sexual hormonal release and acts on pituitary gland

pituitary gland

releases FSH which causes 10-20 eggs to mature and LH which stimulates ovulation and 1 follicle release

ovaries

gets acted on by FSH and LH; produces estrogen which is responsible for secondary sex characteristics and establishing endometrium, and progesterone which prepares body for pregnancy (releases corpus luteum)

androgens in women

testosterone is sex drive for women, also androgens and andrenal glands

menarche

first period (12-13 y/o in US)

menopauase

cessation of menstrual period (51 in US)

menstrual phase

first day of menstrual bleeding, drop in progesterone causes shedding and estrogen also drops, 3-5 days on day 5 FSH and LH increase

proliferative phase

produces egg and last approx 9 days FSH causes 10-20 follicles to mature, estrogen causes endometrium to build up, day 14 LH spikes and graffian follicle releases egg causing ovulation which ends phase

secretory phase

14 days approx but varies, corpus luteum develops from graffian follicle

menorrhagia

prolonged bleeding during menstruation, bleed through in approx 1 hour, blood clots because of hormone imbalances or uterine fibroids account for 80%

dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation, headaches, severe cramps, nausea, vomiting, caused by high levels of prostiglandins (birth contractions) and intense cramps

caused by pelvic inflammatory disease, from stis, varies rates 16-91%and ocmplain about menstruation from mild to severe

amenorrhea

absence of menstruation, primary never, secondary lost it, can be caused by malnutrition, low BF, exercise, stress, genetics (turner syndrome), disease, common in female athletes should see doctor after 3 months

endometriosis

growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, problem bc only usterus can support egg, commonly in fallopian tubes, ectopic pregnancy, but theyre super delicate and can rupture tubes and needs to be treated, scarring and blockage of tubes, miscarraige common and common older

premenstrual syndrome

PMS; number of physical, behavioral, or emotional symptoms that happen before menstruation, ½ experience, 3-8% interferes w daily life called PMDD when this bad

toxic shock syndrome

can happen from overproliferation of staff bacteria inside the body found in women with super absorbant tampons that leave them in too long, symptoms are common sickness and can lead to liver and kidney damage, change every 4-8 hrs

how big of an industry is menstrual products

37 billion dollar industry

external menstrual products

pads and menstrual underwear

internal menstrual products

tampons/menstrual cups (up to 12 hours, not a lot of research on TSS but not absorbant)

penis size and function

size varies flaccid but pretty consistent erect (5.5 in) has been 24% increase in size over the last 30 years (probably environmental) → length irrelevant to satisfaction 85% of women report satisfaction but only 55% of men (porn) size not equal to hand or foot size

glans

head tip of penis, foreskin goes back when erect, most sensitive region very innervated

corona

ridge whre glans joins teh shaft (circumsicion uncovers and cuts below this)

frenulum

underneath coronal ridge whre it comes together “triangular”

shaft

body (largest part) 3 erectile columns of tissue that fill w blood to create erection (lots of loose skin for when enlarged)

root

base of penis where shaft connects to pubic bone

crura

2; extend and provide a base for resistance (defy gravity and not sink into abdomen)

bulb

inner extension of third column of tissue where urine passes

foreskin or prepuce

same as cliteral hood and protects most sensitive part, removed during circumsicion

circumsicion

easier to recover from infancy, metal cup protects glans and then use scalpel to cut, provides some benefits (protection from UTI, STI, penile and cervical cancer), AAP says net benefit but ok to not and very cultural

corpora cavernosa

first 2 columns of erectile tissue (top2) lots fo spaces that fill with blood that rushes to the penis and causes erection

corpus spongiosum

smaller and on bottom same in that it has vascular spaces but also has urethra (for semen and urine)

scrotum

sac of skin that holds testicles

cremaster muscles

on each side of testicle, responsible for raising and lowering testes cold contract warm relax temp is crucial

dartos muscle

smooth muscle contracts and relaxes entire scrotum

perineum

between scrotum and anus skin, sensitive and innervated

testes

male gonad (produce test and sperm) held in place by spermatic chords

sperm head and acrosome

head is DNA 23 chromosomes, acrosome top of head releases enzyme to help penetrate outer shell of womens egg

midpiece

mitochondria, energy to swim and whip tail

tail

flagellum, moves to propel sperm

gender how is it determined

difference in sperm X or Y less genetic material in Y sperm so sswims faster but X sperm more durable, time you have sex makes a difference and orgasm make pH different

spermatogenesis

production of sperm, begins at puberty and until death, declines in older age but still fertile until death, (increased challanges w erection and sperm count) 300 million sperm per day, ejaculate 100-600 million but only 1000 reach egg

seminiferous tubuoles

coiled tubuoles where sperm is acutally produced and empty into epididymus and produced in the coils

cremaster and dartos

help maintain perfect temp 93F to make sperm, going into hot tub, loose fitting underwear

epididymis

coiled structure on the back of each testicle stored and matured sperm here waiting to be used

Intersitial cells of Leydig

connective tissue that produce testosterone between seminiferous tubules layers

vas deferens and ejaculatory duct

tube that contain spermatic chords one coming off of each testicle, one coming off each testicle, spermatic chord contains vas deferens inside and runs until urethrea, carries sperm away testicle once it reaches urethra called ejaculatory duct (once it hits seminal vesicles); spermatic chord gets cut in vasectomy right by testes

seminal vesicles

2 glands that vas deferens hits first, secrete acid neutralizing fluid to help in female survival and contains fructose to give sperm energy, 70% of semen

prostate gland

second part sperm hits, 30% of semen, acid neutralizing, has chemical that helps sperms motility

cowpers gland

by prostate gland, activates before sperm comes, secretes alkanline fluid to neutrilize urine and clean out urethra before ejaculation “pre ejaculate”, could be sperm here from previous ejaculation so not safe from pregnancy

hypothalamus males

GnRH release, which acts on pituitary gland

pituitary gland male

FSH and LH release and acted on by GnRH, FSH causes testes to make sperm in seminiferous tubuoles LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce test (fairly constant for men)

testes

acted on by FSH and LH, testosterone production triggers secondary sex characteristics and maintian those interest in sex

concept of motivation (drive reduction theory)

the process by which soem force arouses the person and direct their behavior owards an endogenous

need

physiological necessity (food, water) when not met will make you uncomfy (drive); inside

want/desire

not a physiological need but innate human tendency to crave certain things inside ex. stimulation and moredom and company; outside

drive

motivation to satisfy need/want/desire and make drive state go away

homeostasis

once drive resolved, back to this and once your content and not uncomfy and satisfied

incentives

also cravings and drive, some external stimuli that sexually arouses you ex. porn

learned incentives

“sexy” things are learned red roses, loungeree, almost anything can be an incentive ex. whipped cream

culture bound incentives

culture defines what we consider sexy ex. uganda lip

process in motivation

testosteron and physiological arousal

both M and W sex drive, men have 20-40x more, ex. a gas tank so need enough but car runs the same once you have enough once interested doesnt matter as much

long term hormone levels and arousal

testosterone doest cycle, daily levels dont matter but long term we arent regulated by hormone levels for when we do sex (unlike other mammals)

erogenous zones and arousal

skin is largest organ, many receptors for sexual stimulation, primary zones are for everyone ex. neck ears butt genitals inner thighs, secondary depend on the person and experience

dual control model

red light green light mental sexual response reaction to sexual excitation or inhibition (independent from each other)

dual control model research

men score higher on excitation and lower on inhibition than woman (similar to gay vs. straight men gay even higher), bisexual women higher compared to lesbian, lesbian and straight the same

cognitive labels

labels we put on things, the labels impact whether or not stimulus is sexually arousing ex. whispering in ear at church vs other times

sexual scripts

we have scripts that organize and direct our sexual behavior (vague), break down into cultural, intra and interpersonal

cultural scripts

we are cultured to find some things erotic and other things not ex. some cultures kissing on the lips is gross

intrapersonal scripts

internal physical signals from our body and how we interpret them ex. porn everyone has a response to it but men label as exciting and women label it as anxious or nervous

interpersonal scripts

how people communicate their sexual motives, ex. friend zone how do you give the hint that you want to date without words

sexual response is there one model that is agreed upon as best model?

no, it depends on goal (description or therapy), most models are linear but for most women its circular