AP Biology Unit 1 Test Study Guide

Ribose

Two OH’s on the bottom. it is a five-carbon sugar that is a key component of RNA and has hydroxyl groups.

Deoxyribose

One OH on bottom. It is a monosaccharide with one less oxygen atom than ribose, essential for DNA structure.

Dehydration Synthesis

Covalent Bonds created by removing OH from one Monomer and H from the other. Condesation Anabolic

Hydration Synthesis

Adding Water (H₂O) to break apart covalent bonds is also called Catabolic or Digestation

Lipids

Steroids, Phospholipids, Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

Starch

Carbohydrates: Energy Storage in plants

Cellulose

Carbohydrates: Structure of Plants

Gylcogen

Energy Storage in Animals

Chitin

Carbohydrate: Structure of a Animal

C₁, H₂, O₁ Polar

is the empirical formula for carbohydrates, representing the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

Triglyceride

Long-term energy storage Glycerol (backbone) + Fatty Acids

Bonds in Carbs

Glycosidic Linkage (H-O-H)

Phosopholipid

Cell Membrane Tails (Hydrophobic) + Head (Hydrophilic)

Nucleic Acids

DNA + RNA both Amino Acids

ATP

3 Phosphate Groups

ADP

2 Phospate groups

Bond in Nucleic Acids

phosphodiester bond, which connects the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar of another nucleotide, forming the backbone of the nucleic acid strand.

Bases in DNA

Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G), Connected by H-Bonds

Proteins

Made by Amino Acids + Carboxyl Group, C, H, O, N, Maybe S

N-C-C

Know that this is found in Proteins

Ice? ___

More dense than water, due to being loosely packed (less dense) compared to water.