phys exam 2

what is axonal transport

transport from soma to knob or from knob to soma

what is fast axonal transport

uses motor proteins - requires calcium and ATP

what is slow axonal transport

depends on diffusion

what is a synapse

a junction between a neuron and… another gland, a muscle, a gland

what are parts of a synapse

presynaptic, postsynaptic, chemical synapse, electrical synapse

what is a chemical synapse

has a synaptic cleft, uses a neurotransmitter, one direction only, most common

what is an electrical synapse

no synaptic cleft, uses gap junctions, bidirectional

which is more common of the chemical and electrical synapses

chemical

what are the functions of the following PNS neuroglia - satelite cell

surround ganglia - no clear function

what are the functions of the following PNS neuroglia - schwan cell

creates myelin sheath, can repair damaged axon, multiple cells for 1 axon

what are the functions of the CNS neuroglia - astrocytes

creates BBB, nourishment for neurons (glycogen and lactate), create scar tissue, uptake water, uptake of potassium, neurotransmitter - most common and largest

what are the functions of the CNS neuroglia - microglia

immunity, digest dead neurons - macrophage

what are the functions of the CNS neuroglia - ependymal cells

secretes CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

what are the functions of the CNS neuroglia - oligodendrocytes

1 cell for multiple axons, cannont repair a damaged axon - myelin sheath

what is a membrane potential

what are the 2 main influencers of the membrane potential

concentration gradient, membrane permeability

which ion is most responsible for a normal RMP and why

what can change the membrane potential

how does a membrane potential affect the concentration gradient of any ion involved

which ions have a higher concentration in the ECF and ICF

what is the difference between the Nernst and the GHK equation

how does resistance (R) affect the flow of ions

what are the 2 main factors for resistance to ion flow (Rm & Ri)

what is the difference between graded and action potential

where does the graded potential occur

where does the aciton potential occur

what types of gated channels are involved in the graded potential

what types of gated channels are involved in an action potential

which ions are involved in the graded potential

which ions are involved in the action potential

how is the strength of the signal different between graded and action potentials

which one (graded action or action potential) requires a threshold

is graded potential hyperpolarizing, depolarizing, or both

is action potential hyperpolarizing, depolarizing, or both

which one (graded or action potential) can be summed

which one (graded or action potential) follows the all or non phenomenon

which one (graded or action potential) has a refractory period

which is an excitatory signal

what is an inhibitory signal

what is the all or none phenomenon

what is a threshold

what is the RMP (in mV) of a neuron

which ion gates are open or closed during RMP

what the the threshold (in mV) of a neuron

what happens once the thershold is met

which gates open or close at threshold

what is the maxiumum depolarization (in mV) of neuron

which gates open or close at max depolarization

what happens once max depolarization is met

what gates are open or closed during repolarization

what gates are open or closed when the membrane hyperpolarizes

what is a refractory period

what is an absolute refractory period

what cause an absolute refractory period

what is a relative refractory period

what causes a relative refractory period

what would happen if the action potential started at mid-axon instead of at the axon hillock

how will the axon diameter influence the speed of a nerve impulse conduction

how will the myelinated vs non myelinated axons influence the speed of a nerve impulse conduction

how will the axon length influence the speed of a nerve impulse conduction

what is salatory conduction

what happens to the action potential conductance in demyelinating diseases

what is the difference between hypokalemia, normokalemia, and hyperkalemia

how does hypokalemia affect the RMP

how does normokalemia affect the RMP

how does the hyperkalemia affect RMP

how does hypokalemia affect nerve conduction

how does normokalemia affect nerve conduction

how does hyperkalemia affect nerve conduction

what are the steps of neurotransmitter release and termination

which voltage gates open at the synaptic knob and why

which is the name of the process for neurotransmitter release

in the CNS what are the three fates of the neurotransmitter once it isnt being released

what determines the amount of neurotransmitters released

what are somatic senses

what is a receptor

what are the functions of the sensory receptor chemoreceptors

what are the functions of the sensory receptor mechanoreceptors

what are the functions of the sensory receptor osmoreceptors

what are the functions of the sensory receptor baroreceptors

what are the functions of the sensory receptor thermoreceptors

what are the functions of the sensory receptor photoreceptors

what are the functions of the sensory receptor nociceptors

what is transduction

what is an adequate stimulus

what is a threshold

what is a receptor potential

are receptor potentials like graded potentials or action potentials

what is a receptive field

the more sensitive and area the (smaller or larger) the receptive field

what is perceptual threshold

what is habituation

where is the somatic sensation processed

where is the vision processed

where is the hearing processed

where is the smell processed

where is the visceral sensation processed

where is the equilibrium processed

where is the taste processed

where is the cerebral lobe processed