V. Developmental Theories

Psychoanalytic theories are to be added

Psychoanalytic

Focusses on unconscious emotions and drives

Learning

Studies observable behavior

Cognitive

Analyzes thought processes

Contextual

Emphasizes the impact of historical, social, and cultural context

Ethological

Evolutionary and biological underpinnings

B.F. Skinner

Proponent of Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

• The use of consequence/s to modify a behavior

• Experiment using a rat as a subject

Positive Reinforcement

PROCEDURES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

Occurs when a favorable stimulus follows the behavior

Negative Reinforcement

PROCEDURES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

Behavior is followed by the removal of an unfavorable or aversive stimulus

Positive Punishment

PROCEDURES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

Occurs when an unfavorable/aversive stimulus follows the behavior

Negative Punishment

PROCEDURES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

Behavior is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus

Continuous

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement is given after every correct response

Intermittent

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement is given after some correct responses

Fixed Ratio

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement after a specified number of responses

Variable Ratio

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement after a specified number of correct responses

Fixed Interval

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement after a specified length of time

Variable Interval

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement is given for the first response after an unpredictable, fluctuating amount of time

Ivan Pavlov

Proponent of Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Pairing the conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until the CS comes to elicit a response without the presentation of the US

Extinction

Weakening of conditioned response

Spontaneous recovery

Reappearance of conditioned behavior

Generalization

Responding not only to the CS, but also when faced with a similar stimuli

Discrimination

Responding only to the CS

Albert Bandura

Proponent of Social Cognitive Theory

Social Cognitive Theory

Emphasizes how people learn by observing others

Attentional Process

BANDURA’S 4 STEP MODEL

Watching the model

Retentional Process

BANDURA’S 4 STEP MODEL

Recalling the steps from the model

Motor Reproductive Process

BANDURA’S 4 STEP MODEL

Learning the behavior

Incentive and Motivational Process

Determine if you will continue the behavior after learning the responses to it

Jean Piaget

Proponent of Cognitive Development Theory

Cognitive Development Theory

• Children's intelligence undergoes changes as they grow

• Cornerstone in the study of human development (Most influential)

Organization

INTERRELATED PROCESS OF COGNITIVE GROWTH

Process of creating categories; Schemas are the product

Adaptation

INTERRELATED PROCESS OF COGNITIVE GROWTH

Process of handling new information using info the child already knows

Equilibration

INTERRELATED PROCESS OF COGNITIVE GROWTH

Describes how children maintain a balance between their existing mental frameworks (schemas) and new experiences

Stages of Cognitive Development

• Sensorimotor

• Pre-operational

• Concrete operational

• Formal operational

Sensorimotor

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• Birth to 2 years

• Simple reflexes

• No object permanence yet

Pre-operational

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• 2 years to 7 years

• Believes in animism and artificialism

• Experiences egocentrism

Animism

Objects have human feelings and intentions

Artificialism

Environmental characteristics are due to human interventions

Concrete operational

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• 7 years to 11 years

• Solve problems logically

• Perform basic math

• Does not understand conversion yet

Formal operational

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• 11 years onwards

• Think abstractly, deal with hypothetical situations, and think about possibilities symbolic abstractions of algebra

• Literary criticism

• Use of metaphor in literature

Lev Vygotsky

Proponent of Sociocultural Theory

Sociocultural Theory

• Social and cultural processes

• Collaborative process (learning through social interactions)

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Gap between what children are already able to do and what they are not quite ready to accomplish by themselves

Scaffolding

Temporary support given to a child in doing a task