Race and Class Exam 2

who is overrepresented at all stages of the CJ system?

hispanics

what 3 types of discrimination do hispanics face in the CJ system?

institutional, individual, and disproportionate

what are the 2 typical offenses of documented hispanics?

gangs and drug use

hispanic gangs today are….

large in size, funded through narcotic and human trafficking, have prison affiliation

is there an affilitation between increased immigration and higher violent crime rates?

no

what are the 3 parts of the AMP model?

Action, Means, and Purpose

Action

transporting, obtaining, recruiting, or holding

Means

must establish that the action and purpose is force, fraud, or corrosion

Purpose

financial gain, labor, or sexual exploitation

human smuggling

person who is smuggled is considered criminal, must cross international boarders in smuggling, once your across the boarder they usually let you go

trafficking

trafficked person is a victim, does not need boarder crossing, you will not be released

287 (g)

allows local law enforcement to enforce immigration laws, must be trained through ICE, a crime must occur for law enforcement to know your status

Arizona SB 1070

requires police officers to check immigration status of people when pulled over, police allowed to pull over someone they think could have come into the country illegally (don’t need a crime to occur)

who was the first group of gang members in the 1700’s?

irish immigrants

dope fiend

drugs define their life

legit

come from a conventional family background and join a gang for the thrill

new jack

hustlers, have trouble settling down

homeboy

centered on family life

Hirschi attachement to family

if you don’t have a good family relationship, your more likely to get into gang activity because no one will care

Hirschi commitment to institutions

commitment to education, religion, job

Hirschi involvement in activities

after school activities to keep them from wandering the street, bad thing is some areas can’t afford after school activities

what is hirschi’s last element to staying away from a gang?

believing the other elements

what is furman v. georgia asking?

does the death penalty violate the eighth and fourteenth amendment?

what is the ruling for furman v. georgia?

the death penalty is only cruel and unusual if

• it was too severe for the crime

• if it was arbitrary

• if it offended society’s sense of justice

• if it was not more effective than a less severe penalty

• national moratorium (no one could be executed until these guidelines were established in state laws)

what was gregg v. georgia asking?

is the death penalty considered “cruel and unusual” in all circumstances?

what was the ruling?

a punishment of death does not violate the eighth and fourteenth amendments under all circumstances

what are the methods of the death penalty?

gas chamber, hanging, firing squad, lethal injection, electric chair

how many executions have their been since 1976?

1,684

how many executions have their been in 2026?

30

what is the baldus study?

1983, looked at Georgia (1973-1979), 2,484 cases of murders non-negligent manslaughter

1,665 black defendants, 819 white defendants

61% black victims, 39% white victims

raw numbers for baldus study

when the defendant is charged with killing a white victim (11% of these cases are given the death penalty)

when the defendant is charged with killing a black victim (1% of these cases are given the death penalty)

overall finding of baldus study

if the victim is white the offender is 4.3 times more likely to receive the death penalty

what are the two theories as to why victim’s race is important?

1. threat to racial stratification

2. devaluation of black victims (do not value black victims in our society)