UNL Psychology 350 EXAM 1 Vocab

________variables are manipulated, while _________ variables are measured

procedural, subject

the __________________ approach is based on the idea that one properly completed study will give us reliable and correct knowledge, while the ______________ approach is based on the idea that reliable and correct knowledge is only obtained from repeated the exact and similar studies to find a pattern of consistent findings

critical experiment, converging operations

________ hypotheses are about how characteristics or behaviors influence each other, _____________ hypotheses are about the description of characteristics or behaviors, and ________ hypotheses are about the statistical relationships between characteristics or behaviors.

causal, attributive, associative

________ data collection usually involves interview or questionnaires, while ___________ data collection usually involves video cameras or field notes

self-report, observational

___________ validity is about proper representation of characteristics or behaviors with our data, ___________ validity is about correctly deciding whether or not two characteristics or behaviors are related, _________ validity is about causal interpretability, and ___________ validity is about generalizability.

measurement, statistical, internal, external

A ________ can be an experiment if properly conducted, while ________ can never be an experiment

comparison, demonstration

___________ interviews involve questioning one participant at the time face-to-face, _______ interviews are sent to participants who (hopefully) completes and returns the interview to the researcher, __________ interviews involve bothering potential participants during dinner or intimate moments (just kidding), and ________ interviews involve getting data from a few to a few hundred participants simultaneously.

personal, mail, telephone, group

____________ of psychological knowledge are often called practitioners, while __________ of psychological knowledge are often called researchers

consumers, producers

__________ bias is a ______________ hypotheses are related to descriptive knowledge, ______________ hypotheses to predictive knowledge, and ______________ hypotheses to understanding problem of observational data collection, while ________ bias is a potential problem with self-reprort

observer, interviewer

Applications of the Research Loop involve ______________ studies of new research hypotheses, ______________ studies of previous research to test the reproducibility of previous research findings and ______________ studies to test the specificity and generalizability of previous research findings.

initial, replication, convergent research

_______ involves detailing characteristics or behaviors of interest, ________ involves establishing that changes in one characteristic or behavior leads to changes in another, and _________ involves demonstrating that characteristics or behaviors are related to each other.

description, understanding, prediction

A ___________ involves a single treatment or condition, while ________ involves at least two treatments or conditions.

demonstration, comparison

__________ data are obtained from previous research or standard practice that are used for secondary data analysis, __________ data are obtained by the researcher when conducting a specific study

archival, primary

All participants have the same value of a _________, participants different characteristics or behaviors lead them to have different values of ________ while differential treatment of participants leads to their having different values of __________

constant, measured variables, manipulated variables

__________ validity is about causal interpretability, ____________ validity is about generalizability, __________ validity is about proper representation of characteristics or behaviors with our data, and _________ validity is about correctly deciding whether or not two characteristics or behaviors are related.

internal, external, measurement, statistical

___________ is when the results from a study tells us about a specific combination or population, setting, task/stimuli and societal/temporal event, while __________ is when the results from a study tell us about a broad range or populations, settings, task/stimuli and societal/temporal possibilities

applicability, generalizability

The ______ is always measured, while the ________ is sometimes measured and sometimes manipulated

DV, IV

________ equivalence is accomplished when all subject variables are controlled and _______ equivalence is accomplished when all procedural variables are controlled

initial, ongoing

Only the latter (empiricism) is an accepted source of _______, while intuition, authority, rational induction, and empiricism are each a useful source of _______.

knowledge, hypotheses

_________ research is based on self-report data, while __________ research is based on observational data

survey, observational

___________ is the component of external validity related to who is in the study, ________ is the component related to where the study is conducted, ___________ is the component related to what participants do and interact with during the study, and _________ is the component related to when the study is conducted

population, setting, task/stimulus, societal temporal

Applications of the Research Loop involve _________ studies test the specificity and generalizability of previous research findings, __________ studies of previous research to test the reproducibiity or previous research findings, and ______ studies of new research hypotheses.

convergent, replication, initial

The ______ is the causal variable and the ______ is the effect variable.

IV, DV

A/an ___________ may have manipulation of the causal variable, but never involves random assignment of participants, while a/an ___________ involves random assignment of participants and manipulation of the causal variable.

nonexperiment, true experiment

A control ________ is not a confound because all participants have the same value on this characteristic, wheras a control _________ is not a confound because members of the different treatments have the same average value on this characteristic

constant, variable

_________________ comes from empirical research, while ________ comes from a rational induction

probabilistic conclusion, proof

During _____________ observation the observer appears to be one of the participants, during __________ observation the observer is completely hidden from the participants, while during ______________ observation the observer is neither hidden nor pretending to be one of the participants

disguised participant, naturalistic, undisguised participant

Those from a _____ selected sample respond to a general invitation to the sampling frame, while each member of a _________ selected sample is individually chosen from the sampling frame and approached to participate in the research

self-selected, researcher selected

A __________ setting is the most controlled, a ________ setting is a mock-up of the participant's natural environment, and a _______ setting is the participants natural environment

laboratory, structured, field

_________ expectancy effect occurs when participants respond "as they think they should". While ______________ expectancy effects occur when data collectors or data coders influence the results of the research, usually to be more in line with their research hypotheses.

participant, experimenter

____________ bias happens when the data recorder or data coder in a study using self-report data collection methods influences the data (usually by making it better fit their research hypothesis), whereas ________ bias happens with the data recorder or data coder in a study using observational data collection methods influences the data (usually by making it better fit their research hypothesis)

Interviewer, observer

_______ occurs when participants don't respond honestly to questions because they know their answers are being recorded, ________ occurs when participants behave differently because they know they are being observed

response bias, reactivity

_________ expectancy effects can only be prevented by double-blind designs, while ________________ expectancy effects can be prevented by single-blind designs

experimenter, participant

_______ is a potential problem of observational data collection, while ____________ is a potential problem with self-report data collection

observer, interviewer

_________ expectancy effects occur when data collectors or data coders influence the results of the research, usually to be more in line with their research hypotheses, while ________ expectancy effect occurs when participants respond "as they think they should"

experimenter, participant

In a _____ sampling plan each member of the sampling frame has an equal probability of selection, while in a ________ sampling frame each member of a given subsection of the sampling frame has an equal probability of selection.

simple, stratified

The _____ sample includes all those who actually complete participation in the study, while the ________ sample includes all those selected to complete a study

data, selected

A _________ sampling frame includes the identify of or access to individuals who are expected to represent the target population, while ________ sampling frame includes the identity of or access to all members of the target population

purposive sampling frame, complete population

A _________ is a list or access process for the groups while a _________ includes all members of the groups to which the researcher would like to generalize the results of the research

sampling frame, population

_____________ designs are also called longitudinal or repeated-measures design, while _____________ designs are also called cross-sectional designs.

within groups, between groups

Population, setting, task/stimulus and societal/temporal are the components of ________ validity, while initial equivalence and ongoing equivalence are the components of ____________ validity.

external, internal

We use ______________ blind procedures to ensure that the participants will not know the hypothesis or treatment conditions of the study; we use ______________ blind procedures ensure that neither the participants nor the data coders will know the hypothesis or treatment conditions of the study

single, double

We randomly assign participants to __________ conditions to help control initial equivalence, while we randomly assign them to ________ conditions to help control ongoing equivalence.

IV, procedural

We randomly assign participants to IV conditions to help control ________ equivalence , while we randomly assign them procedural conditions to help control ________ equivalence.

initial, ongoing

The ______________ variable is intended to have an influence on the DV, whereas a ______________ variable is an unwanted influence that eliminates causal interpretability of the results.

causal, confounding

Data from a properly conducted ______________ can be causally interpreted, while data from a ______________ can never be causally interpreted.

true experiment, non-experiment

______________ designs have different participants in each condition, while ______________ designs have the same participants in all conditions.

Between group, within group

Scoring a/an _______ item requires no judgment, while scoring a/an _______ item does requires making a judgment.

objective, subjective

_______ standardization has to do with giving the scale or test the same way each time, whereas _______ standardization has to do with grading the scale of test the same way each time.

administration, scoring

_______ reliability has to do with the consistency of the items making up the scale, whereas _______ reliability has to do with getting the same score from two different versions of a test or scale.

internal, test-retest

_______ validity is evaluated by members of the target audience, whereas _______ validity is evaluated by experts familiar with the construct being measures.

face, content

_______ validity is evaluated by relating the scale or test to a specific criterion with which it should be correlated, while _______ validity is evaluated by relating the scale or test to several other measures some of which it should be correlated with and some of which it should not be correlated.

criterion related, construct

_______ validity asks if a measure taken now can estimate the score on another measure that will be taken in the future, whereas _______ validity asks if a measure taken now can estimate the score on another measure also taken now.

predictive, concurrent

_______ is used to prepare "backwards items" so that they can be aggregated into a composite score.

reverse keying

______________ data are collected by the researcher when conducting a specific study, while ______________ data are obtained from previous research or standard practice that are used for secondary data analyses

primary, archival

______________ hypotheses are related to descriptive knowledge, ______________ hypotheses to predictive knowledge, and ______________ hypotheses to understanding

attributive, associative, causal

A ______________ sample "looks like" the target population, while a ______________ sample is one procedure used to obtain this goal.

representative, random