Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons, allowing for communication within the nervous system

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Chemicals released by neurons that increase the likelihood of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic neuron

Glutamate

The primary excitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, playing a key role in sympatic transmission and neuronal communication involves learning, memory, and neural plasticity

GABA

A neurotransmitter that acts as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, it promotes relaxation and reduces anxiety

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, reward, motivation, and movement

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter that plays a fundamental role in both the CNS and the PNS

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter that plays a vital role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and stress

Endorphins

Neurotransmitter produced by the brain and CNS that acts as natural pain relievers and mood enhancers

Substance P

Neurotransmitters involved in transmitting pain signals in the nervous system

Ghrelin

Hormone produced primarily by the stomach and small intestine that stimulated appetite and promotes hunger

Leptin

Hormone produced primarily by fat cells that regulates energy balance and appetite

Melatonin

Hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms in the body

Oxytocin

Hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a key role in social bonding

Adrenaline

Hormone/transmitters that plays a key role in the body’s stress response “fight or flight”

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Chemicals released by neurons that decrease the likelihood of an action potential occurring in the postsynapic neuron

Norepinephrine

Neurotransmitter that functions as both as hormone and a neurotransmitter in the body, fight or flight, regulating, attention