Ch 28: Transformation of Energy and Matter

Heterotrophs

gets energy and chemical building blocks from organic matter from other organisms

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

entropy increases over time — organized system loses organization and becomes more random (NEED ENERGY TO CREATE AND MAINTAIN ORGANIZATION)

Types of Feeding

Predation, Suspension Feeding, Symbiosis

Essential Nutrients

required but can’t be synthesized

Essential Amino Acids

trytophan, methionine, valine, threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine

Essential Fatty Acids

omega 3 and omega 6

Essential Vitamins

Vitamin A (vision, Vitamin K (blood clotting)

Essential Minerals

C, O, H, N — Calcium and phosphorus (bone), Iodine (synthesizes thyroid hormone), Iron (synthesizes hemoglobin - O2 transport)

Calorie

amount of heat needed to raise 1g of H20 (food = kilocalorie)

Metabolic Rate

amount of chemical bond energy consumed and converted to heat per day

Metabolic Rate Measured

determining rate of O2 consumption

Basic Nutrient Molecules

Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins

Basal Metabolic Rate

 measured when animal is comfortable in thermal environment and hasn’t eaten recently (decrease as animal size increase) — SMALL MAMMALS NEED MORE FOOD PER GRAM OF BODY WEIGHT THAN LARGE ANIMALS

Thermoregulators

maintain constant internal conditions (energetically expensive, increase MR, stability)

Thermoconformers

internal environment varies to match external environment (energetically cheap, cells must cope with changes) (e.g. fish, insects)

Epithelium

sheet of cells that covers body surface or organ — pumps ions, secretes substances, absorb nutrietns from gut, serves sensory functions

Simple Epithelium

single layer of cells on nonliving basement membrane (lines blood vessels, intestines, tubules)

Tissue

assemblage of cells of similar type

Organ

two or more types of tissue with defined structural relationship

Multi-organ system

multiple organs working together

Cell Membranes

thin layers separating extra and intracellular fluid