Psych 160 exam 2 Kondrad

stressor

event or incident that is appraised and leads to a stress reaction

stress reaction

your physical and emotional response to an appraised stressor

stress

the process of appraising a stressor that results in stress reaction

it is how we _______ an event that leads to having a stress response or not

appraise

phase 1 of the body's stress response system

alarm

alarm phase

-fight or flight

during the alarm phase, pain is ________ and heart rate ___________

reduced, increases

during the alarm phase, in ________ gland produces:

inner adrenal, norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline)

who identified alarm phase of stress response system

Walter Cannon

phase 2 of the body's stress response system

resistance

during the resistance stage the _______/_________ sends signals to the _________ part of the adrenal glands to produce ______________ and other stress hormones.

hypothalamus/pituitary, outer, cortisol

the resistance stage focuses on

coping

phase 3 of the body's stress response system

exhaustion

what does GAS stand for

general adaption syndrome

what is general adaption syndrome

our stress response system defends then fatigues

brief stress _______ immune system

improves

what does brief stress do to ones motivation

focused, energized

what does brief stress do to self-esteem

encourages growth

effects of prolonged stress

-production of new neurons declines

-nueral circuits in therein break down

-DNA telomeres (chromosome tips) shorten

-cells lose ability to divide

-cells die

-tissue stops regenerating

-early aging and death

female stress repose

-"tend and befriend"

-oxytocin plays a role in bonding

-women are more empathetic than men in times of stress

male stress response

-more likely to socially withdrawn and use drugs

-more likely to be aggressive

-less empathy than women in times of stress

stress _______ risk for illness

increases

physiological results of stress

blood pressure, poor immune system function, more hormones

direct behavioral results of stress

poor choices related to eating, sleeping, exercising, use of drugs

indirect behavioral results of stress

delay in medical advice, less exercise, noncompliance

biological factors that contribute to heart disease

genes, liver function reduced

behavioral factors that contribute to heart disease

eating poorly, not exercising or eating well

psychological factors that contribute to heart disease

stress reaction

type A personality

negative appraisal, state of arousal

heart attacks are common for what type of people

type a and pessimistic people

problem-focused coping

reducing the stressors by working out conflict and tacking a difficult project

emotion-focused coping

reducing the emotional impact by getting support, comfort, and perspective from others

risk of emotion-based coping

ignoring the problem

defensive coping

reducing the stressors by not dealing with the problem

coping

tries to reduce how big of a response you have to a give stressor by changing how or what you are thinking

managing

dealing with the stress reaction you end up having

exercise recommendation for stress management

30 minuts 5 days a week

benefits of exercise

-reduces stress reaction

-reduces risk for psychological disorders

-reduces loss of bone later in life

-extends lifespan

-improves immune system

aerobic exercise

sustained activity that raises heart rate and oxygen consumption

aerobic exercises reduce risk for:

heart disease, cognitive decline, dementia, early death

the use of relaxation techniques can reduce:

headaches, high blood pressure, anxiety, insomnia, improve immune function

people who mediate can cause body to gave a _____________ response

relaxation

meditation increases

brain activity associated with positive emotions

steps to get the relaxation response

focus attention on breathing, a focus word, and relaxing muscles from toes upward

why do we sleep?

when sleeping:

-your brain repairs weak or damaged brain tissue

-your memories are being consolidated (strengthened)

Awake:________ waves

alpha

REM

active brain and body, dreams, CONSOLIDATION

non REM-1

feeling of floating, falling

non REM-2

clearly relaxed, easily woken up

non REM-3

slow delta waves, hard to wake up

serious consequences of sleep deprivation

impaired attention, slower reaction time

mild sleep loss is equivalent to

mild intoxication

your perceives locus of control is a

stress factor

types of malnutrition

marasmus, kwashiorkor, food insecurity, disease

what % of the Us has food insecurity

22

consequences of malnutrition

growth and weight problems, poor motor development, learning/attention problems, passivity, irritability, anxiety, suppression of immune system

obesity

weight is 20% or more than it should be for age and height

____% of US children are overweight

32

___% of US children are obese

15

obesity leads to a greater risk of

heart disease, diabetes, and other diseases

the world average weight for adults is ____; in the US it is ____

137, 180

anorexia nervosa

starvation

bulimia nervosa

binge-and-purge

diagnostic

severe disturbances in eating behavior that result in the obsessive fear of gaining weight

drinking damages__________ permanently, and impairs ______ and ________

brain tissue, leaning, sleep

toxins in vapes

formaldehyde, nitrosamines, lead, silicate particles, discetyl

dangers of vaping

affects memory and attention, stunts growth, changes brain wiring to increase addictive tendency

human papilloma virus

can produce genital warts, responsible for nearly all anal and cervical cancer; 80% of Americans have HPV

genital herpes

virus, cold sores on genitals, cyclic, no cure

gonorrhea

bacterial, painful urination, discharge, itchy, swelling, antibiotic

chlamydia

bacterial, burning urination, painful sex, antibiotic

syphilis

bacterial, sore, rash, brian damage, antibiotic

trichomoniasis

parasite, causes painful discharge, itching, foul smell, antibiotic

cause of dementia

beta amyloid precursor protein goes bonkers (we don't know why) and produces clumps of cells that lead to other damage

early symptoms of dementia

wandering, taking a long time to perform tasks, mood changes, mild memory loss, bad decisions, repeating questions

late symptoms of dementia

can't communicate, seizures, weight loss, difficulty swallowing, loss of muscle control, agitation

piaget's theory of cognitive development

there is a gradual shift from the concrete to abstract conception of the world and how one can think about it

4 stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

sensorimotor stage timeline

birth - 2 years

sensorimotor stage

-explores with sense and motor actions

-no reasoning (no mental representation)

-scale errors (symbolic thought is hard)

substages of sensorimotor stage

-reflexes-1 month

-primary circular-(1-4 months) random own body

-secondary circular-(4-8 months) random environment

-coordination of secondary circular-(8-12 months) object permanence

-tertiary circular reactions-(12-18 months) purposeful experiments

-mental representation-(18-24 months) thoughts symbol pretend

out of sight out of mind for babies under what age

6-7 months

children have difficulty with symbolic thought until about age

3

preparation stage timeline

2-7 years

preparation stage

begin to represent world with language, mental imagery, symbolic thought

egocentrism

difficulty understanding the world from someone else's perspective

conservation

difficulty with concentration, transformation, reversibility

concrete operation stage timeline

7-12 years

concrete operation stage

-less egocentric

-inability to reason abstractly or hypothetically

-understands conservation, transformation, reversals

-difficulty thinking about things they have not experienced personally or abstract

example of reversibility

3+6=9, 9-3=6

formal operational stage timeline

age 12-adult

formal operation stage

-acquired logical and abstract reasoning

-sophisticated moral reasoning

-propositional thought (if, then)

-imaginary audience, personal fable (ariel)

challenges to page's theory

underestimated what children are capable of in each stage (pacifier)

lev vygotsky theory of cognitive development

cognitive development depends on the environment and social interactions

our ability to think is dependent on

maturity of myelination, synaptogenesis, pruning

information processing approach

how we encode, retreive, use and store information

function of sensory memory store

holds sensory information for short time

sensory memory store

-very large capacity

-memory decays rapidly

sensory to working memory function

conscious processing of information

sensory to working memory

-capacity: 7 units (+-1); 15 seconds worth of info

-central executive: decides what, how, and where info will be processed

-prefrontal cortex is active when using working memory