Biology Unit 8-10

What are the three parts of Cell Theory?

All living things are made of cells cells are the basic units of structure and function and new cells come from existing cells

Who was the first person to observe living microorganisms?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

What is a transmission electron microscope used for?

Producing 2D images of thin specimens

What is a scanning electron microscope used for?

Producing 3D images of specimens

What is a micrograph?

A photograph taken through a microscope

What characteristics do all cells share?

A cell membrane cytoplasm DNA and ribosomes

What is the function of the nucleus?

It controls most cell processes and contains DNA

What is the nuclear envelope?

A double membrane that surrounds and protects the nucleus

What is the function of nuclear pores?

They allow materials to enter and leave the nucleus

What is chromatin?

Uncondensed DNA found inside the nucleus

What is the nucleolus?

The region of the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled

What is the function of ribosomes?

They assemble proteins

What role does the rough ER play in protein production?

It helps complete protein assembly and transport

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

It modifies sorts and packages proteins

What are vesicles used for?

Transporting materials throughout the cell

What is the function of vacuoles?

They store water and other materials

What is the function of lysosomes?

They break down wastes organelles proteins lipids and carbohydrates

What is passive transport?

Movement of materials from high concentration to low concentration without energy

What is diffusion?

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

What is facilitated diffusion?

Diffusion that uses membrane transport proteins

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a membrane

What is an isotonic solution?

Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Water leaves the cell and it shrivels

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

Water enters the cell and it may burst

What is active transport?

Movement of materials against the concentration gradient using ATP

Why does active transport require ATP?

Moving substances against a gradient requires energy

What is endocytosis?

The process of bringing materials into the cell

What is exocytosis?

The process of releasing materials from the cell

What is ATP?

The main energy molecule used by cells

What are the three parts of ATP?

Adenine ribose and three phosphate groups

What is ADP?

A molecule with two phosphate groups

How does ATP release energy?

By breaking off the third phosphate group

What is an autotroph?

An organism that makes its own food

What is a heterotroph?

An organism that gets food by consuming other organisms

What is photosynthesis?

The process of converting sunlight into chemical energy

What is chlorophyll?

The primary photosynthetic pigment in plants

Where does photosynthesis occur?

In chloroplasts

What is a thylakoid?

A membrane sac where light dependent reactions occur

What is a granum?

A stack of thylakoids

What is the stroma?

The fluid surrounding thylakoids inside chloroplasts

What is NADPH?

An electron carrier that transports high energy electrons

What is the photosynthesis equation?

Carbon dioxide plus water plus light energy produces glucose plus oxygen

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide water and light energy

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Glucose and oxygen

What occurs during the light dependent reactions?

ATP NADPH and oxygen are produced

What occurs during the Calvin Cycle?

ATP and NADPH are used to produce sugars

What factors affect photosynthesis?

Temperature light intensity and water availability

What are C4 plants?

Plants adapted to hot conditions that reduce water loss

What are CAM plants?

Plants that keep stomata closed during the day to conserve water

What is cellular respiration?

The process of releasing energy from food using oxygen

What is the cellular respiration equation?

Glucose plus oxygen produces carbon dioxide plus water plus ATP

What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

What happens during glycolysis?

Glucose is split into two pyruvic acid molecules and produces ATP and NADH

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm

What are the products of glycolysis?

Two ATP two NADH and two pyruvic acid

What happens during the Krebs Cycle?

Pyruvic acid is broken down and ATP NADH and FADH2 are produced

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

In the mitochondrial matrix

What is Acetyl CoA?

A molecule formed from pyruvic acid that enters the Krebs Cycle

What is citric acid?

A six carbon molecule formed at the start of the Krebs Cycle

What is FADH2?

An electron carrier that transports high energy electrons

What is the electron transport chain?

A series of electron carriers that produce ATP

What is chemiosmosis?

The process that uses ion movement to produce ATP

How much ATP is produced by cellular respiration?

Approximately 36 ATP per glucose molecule

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

The electron transport chainWhat are the three parts of Cell Theory?

Who was the first person to observe living microorganisms?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

What is a transmission electron microscope used for?

Producing 2D images of thin specimens

What is a scanning electron microscope used for?

Producing 3D images of specimens

What is a micrograph?

A photograph taken through a microscope

What characteristics do all cells share?

A cell membrane cytoplasm DNA and ribosomes

What is the function of the nucleus?

It controls most cell processes and contains DNA

What is the nuclear envelope?

A double membrane that surrounds and protects the nucleus

What is the function of nuclear pores?

They allow materials to enter and leave the nucleus

What is chromatin?

Uncondensed DNA found inside the nucleus

What is the nucleolus?

The region of the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled

What is the function of ribosomes?

They assemble proteins

What role does the rough ER play in protein production?

It helps complete protein assembly and transport

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

It modifies sorts and packages proteins

What are vesicles used for?

Transporting materials throughout the cell

What is the function of vacuoles?

They store water and other materials

What is the function of lysosomes?

They break down wastes organelles proteins lipids and carbohydrates

What is passive transport?

Movement of materials from high concentration to low concentration without energy

What is diffusion?

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

What is facilitated diffusion?

Diffusion that uses membrane transport proteins

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a membrane

What is an isotonic solution?

Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Water leaves the cell and it shrivels

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

Water enters the cell and it may burst

What is active transport?

Movement of materials against the concentration gradient using ATP

Why does active transport require ATP?

Moving substances against a gradient requires energy

What is endocytosis?

The process of bringing materials into the cell

What is exocytosis?

The process of releasing materials from the cell

What is ATP?

The main energy molecule used by cells

What are the three parts of ATP?

Adenine ribose and three phosphate groups

What is ADP?

A molecule with two phosphate groups

How does ATP release energy?

By breaking off the third phosphate group

What is an autotroph?

An organism that makes its own food

What is a heterotroph?

An organism that gets food by consuming other organisms

What is photosynthesis?

The process of converting sunlight into chemical energy