LALS 290 Test 2 Review

Porfirio Diaz

A dictator who ruled Mexico from 1876-1911(El Porfiriato)

Federales

Mexican Federal Army under Porfirio

Rurales

Gurdia Rural(mounted police) under Porfirio

Francesco Madero

A wealthy landowner who challenged Diaz in the election of 1910

Emiliano Zapata

Under the motto of tierra y libertad, fought for land reform in Mexico

Pancho Villa

He was a champion of the poor and land reform. His troops sometimes spilled into the U.S, and killed Americans

1910-20 Mexican migration

300k+ Mexicans migrated to the U.S due to war, land loss, political threat, etc.

migrant

a person who moves from one place to another, mainly to find work

refugee

a person who has been forced to leave their country because of war; or because of religious or political belief, or gender identity.

exile

a person who cannot live in their home country due to political reasons.

expatriate or “expat”

a person living in a foreign country by choice.

Immigration Act of 1917

Literacy Test + $8 head tax. These barriers reduced legal entry; wartime employers then pushed for exemptions because the U.S. needed Mexican labor.

Immigration Act of 1924

Restricted immigration even more by lowering the quota to 2%. Completely banned Asian immigrants, and established the U.S. border Patrol.

flexible labor

People got hired for a short or uncertain amount of time.

barrio

homes in less desirable places where migrants settled with others like them.

modernity

the state of being modern

mass culture

a form of culture consumed and shared by masses of people from all walks of life.

consumer culture

a form of culture driven by fashion trends, and must-have material goods

radionovela

Dramas, romances, mysteries, and adventures recorded by voice actors

Ambivalent Americanism

term used to describe how 2nd generation immigrants embraced certain American cultural forms, while also retaining select elements of Mexican heritage.

Crash of 1929

The start of the Great Depression, and when investors lost confidence and began selling off shares in October 1929, causing stock prices to plummet, and wiping out billions in wealth.

buying stocks on margin

“borrowing” money to buy extra shares with the expectation they would pay back their loan with gains realized from rising stock prices.

runs on banks

happens when many people who fearing the bank will collapse or run out of money, simultaneously rush to withdraw savings.

repatriation campaigns

campaigns that pressured or forced between 400k and 1 million people out of the U.S and into Mexico.

San Joaquin Cotton Strike

In California, 16,000 Mexican and Filipino farmworkers demanded better wages, and housing. They faced violent suppression from growers, and local authorities.

Pecan Shellers

When over 10,000 workers, mostly women, walked off the job in protest to lowering wages. To which police responded with raids, tear gas, and hundreds of arrests.

Emma Tenayuca

A 21-year old labor activist and union leader who led the strike of Pecan Shellers and who was jailed for her contributions.

Lemon Grove Incident

Is America’s first court-ordered school desegregation case, which paved the way for others. (When 70 Mexican students were initially sent to a hastily constructed two-room school, and the state court ruled the school was inadequate and far from the standard offered to non-Mexican students)

Mendez vs. Westminster

A California court case, which challenged the segregation of Mexican students in public schools. It was won, and essentially ended segregation in CA public schools.

Brown vs. Board

U.S. supreme court case which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

oligarchy

Refers to a small group of people who control and run a country. They also own key industries and influence politicians with money or valuable information.