World History Exam 2
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Roman Bishop (Leo I) claims supremacy over other bishops - year
440
Restoration of Icons in the Eastern Church - year
843
“Great Schism” (East-West) begins (ends 1965) - year
1054
Constantinople attacked as part of the Fourth Crusade - year
1204
Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks - year
1453
What is canonization in the Roman Catholic Church (RCC)?
the definitive sentence by which the pope declares a particular dead person to have already entered into heavenly glory and ordains for the new “saint” a public cult throughout the church
What was the Ottoman empire?
Muslim empire of the Turks
Where was the Ottoman empire established and by whom?
in Northern Asia Minor by Osman I
What empire ultimately captured Constantinople?
The Ottoman empire
What was the Turkish dynasty that ruled parts of Asia Minor called?
Seljuk
What is the city Byzantium other two names?
Constantinople and Istanbul
What is Byzantium known as today?
Istanbul, Turkey
What was the advantage for Constantinople’s site?
it was strategically located for commercial and political influence
During whose reign was Byzantine expanded?
during the reign of Justinian
What was the cause for peril in Byzantine?
the iconoclastic controversy
What were icons?
they were religious images used to foster worship (flat pictures, mosaics)
What did iconoclasts (people) try to do?
destroy all icons
Did icons get abolished?
No, the veneration of icons was allowed and they remain a part of Eastern Orthodoxy
What was the recovery of Byzantium known as?
the Golden Age
What was the disintegration of Byzantium?
the Byzantium began to fall apart when they lost at Manzikert to Muslim Seljuk Turks
What were 4 reasons that the Byzantine Empire endured?
opposed to a barter economy it possessed a money economy
Possessed advanced military science
The Empire was a centralized administration
Had unity between the church and state
what military science worked like napalm (a fire bomb or flame thrower)
Greek fire
What was Caesaropapism?
church/state link that enhanced unity and stability
What were the 3 main branches of Christianity?
The Orthodox (Greek/Eastern)
The Roman Catholic Church
Protestantism
What was the theological authority of the Orthodox (Greek/Eastern) church?
the internal witness of the promised Holy Spirit keeps the truth
What was the theological authority of the RCC?
asserts spiritual authority in: tradition, the pope, and the scriptures
What was the theological authority of the protestants?
asserts that spiritual authority rests in the inerrant Word of God (sola scriptura)
What does Orthodox theology emphasize and leave out?
It emphasizes sanctification with justification being virtually left out
Where did the barbarian invasions cause an upsurge in?
the Papacy’s rise/position/authority
What factors influence the Pope’s supreme authority and slowly coalesced (to grow together)?
Petrine theory and apostolic succession
What is the Petrine Theory?
the RCC insists that Christ gave to Peter a special rank as the 1st Bishop of Rome and leader of the apostles
What was Peter to the RCC?
The first pope which all subsequent popes inherited his authority
What is apostolic succession?
refers to bishops tracing a direct line of authority through the Apostles back to Christ
What 4 terms are used interchangeably?
the pope, papacy (office), Holy see, pontiff
does the NT have any mention of Peter serving as Bishop of Rome?
No this is legend
How many popes from Peter to Leo?
267
What does it mean when the pope speaks “Ex-cathedra” (from the chair)?
It is viewed by the RCC as possessing divine authority equal to that of God in Scripture - infallible
What is the Medieval World more commonly termed as?
The Middles Ages
What functioned as the social cement of the middle ages?
The Roman Catholic Church
What did the RCC perform in the Middle Ages?
many of the record-keeping, judicial, and welfare functions
Who was Patrick?
He “evangelized” Ireland early in the 5th century but facts are confused by legend
Who was king of the Franks?
Clovis
Who ruled Spain?
the Arian Visigoths
What did King Recared of Spain officially proclaim?
The conversion of the people to Catholicism
What was Gregory I (pope) also known as?
Gregory the Great
What 3 things did Gregory the Great (pope) do?
acted as ruler of Rome
took measures to promote clerical celibacy
affirmed the existence of a place of purification and thus gave impetus to the development of the doctrine of purgatory
What is Purgatory?
a place or state in which are detained the souls of those who die in grace, in friendship with God, but with the blemish of venial sin or with temporal debt for sin unpaid. Here the soul is purged, cleansed, readied for eternal union with God in Heaven
Is there suffering in purgatory?
Yes
What were the sacraments?
an efficacious sign of grace
What are 6 of the 7 sacraments?
Baptism
Holy Eucharist
Penance or confession
Confirmation
Holy Orders
Extreme Unction
What was Baptism to RCC?
It was the washing away of the stain of Adam’s original sin and united that person with RCC
What was Holy Eucharist?
heart of the Mass worship service and transubstantiation
What is transubstantiation?
at the priest’s words, the elements actually become the body and blood of Christ
What was penance or confession?
priest privately listens to a person confessing sins which are then forgiven and the forgiven sinner is assigned some prayers to say or works to be done as penance
What was confirmation?
faith publicly affirmed and the Holy Spirit received
What were Holy Orders (or ordination)?
Priests are sanctioned for their work by a bishop
What was Extreme Unction?
“Last Rites” given by a priest to someone near death for forgiveness of sins
What did some saints in the RCC become?
canonized saints
What was a Relic?
may be defined as a religious object associated with a religious leader or the body part of such
Life of Muhammad - years
570-632
The Hegira (Hijra) - year 1 of the Islamic calendar - year
622
Beginning of the division leading to Sunni and Shiah Muslim sects - years
632-661
Roughly how many Muslims are there worldwide?
Over 1 billion which is 4 times the population of the US
What does Islam mean?
submission
Where is the birth of Islam geographically located?
In the Arabian Peninsula
Is Islam a united, monolithic entity?
No
What are the Large Muslim community locations called?
the 10/40 window
What has emerged to guide the community since the death of Muhammad?
the traditions of the Hadith, the Sunnah, and the Shariah
What is the Hadith?
reports of the words and deeds of Muhammad and other early Muslims
What is considered to embody the Sunnah (custom/example) of the Prophet Muhammad?
the body of the authentic hadith reports
What is the Sunnah (Sunna)?
established custom that is typically based on Muhammad’s example
What is the Shariah?
it is ideal Islamic law
what began Islam’s split?
The disagreement between the Sunnis and the Shiites over Muhammad’s successor
What did Sunnis uphold?
the principle that the caliph (leader) owed his position to the consent of the Islamic community
What did Shiites believe?
only Muhammad’s descendants/kinsmen could lead
What is the majority party in Islam?
the Sunni
Who identified with Muhammad’s cousin/son-in-law Ali (4th Caliph), seeing Ali as possessing a spiritual endowment directly from Muhammad?
Shiah (aka Shiites)
What was the Kabba?
Shrine in Mecca
How did Muhammad obtain enough capital to become independently wealthy?
He was involved in caravan trade
According to Islamic tradition what does Muhammad see and hear in a vision?
He sees the angel Gabriel, during which he hears a voice telling him he is the “Messenger of God”
What becomes the starting year for the Muslim calendar?
When Muhammad travels a journey known as the Hegira (or hijra)
What does Muhammad do on the March on Mecca?
he destroys the pagan idols in the Kabba and rededicates the shrine to Islam
What was a Caliph (successor)?
leader of the Muslim community
Who was the first caliph?
Abu Bakr
What does Abu Bakr do?
he essentially launches wars that will dramatically expand the Islamic world
What was the start of the Umayyad (Omayyad) Muslim dynasty?
Ali (4th Caliph) is challenged by the Syrian governor Muawiya and Ali was eventually killed, allowing his rival to seize power
What became known as the Umayyads?
The caliphate (territory controlled by the caliph) that remained in the hands of Muawiya’s family
Where was the capital moved from and to?
from Medina to Damascus
Where was the capital moved from and to during the Abbasid Muslim Dynasty?
From Damascus to Baghdad
What happened when Mongols invaded Muslim lands?
The Mongols converted to Islam (some)
What does Quran mean?
recite
What is the Quran?
the reciting of the revelations to Muhammad
What do Muslims view the Quran as?
the final revelation from God (given by the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad) and as the revealed will of God which corrects/supersedes other revelations
When was the Quran codified?
after Muhammad’s death
What does Jihad mean?
struggle
What are the two types ( a greater and a lesser ) that Jihad encompasses?
Greater - individual battle against sin
Lesser - a holy war
How are there differences in Muslim beliefs?
the social/legal climate
What is Muslim’s view on Jesus Christ?
He did not die on the cross but He was protected from crucifixion and a substitute took His place