Biology 212 Sample Exam 2: Endocrinology, Sensory Systems, and Reproductive Physiology

Hypothalamus

TRH secreted here

Posterior pituitary

ADH (vasopressin) produced here

Anterior pituitary

LH secreted here

Mechanosensory

Touch

Chemosensory

Smell

Corpora cavernosa

Male reproductive physiology

Granulosa cells

Female reproductive physiology

LH surge

Both

Meiosis

Both

Sertoli cells

Male reproductive physiology

Type I diabetes

Very low insulin production

Nonpolar hormones

Require carrier proteins to travel in the bloodstream

Prolactin

Stimulates milk production

Oxytocin

Promotes growth and development

Progesterone

Inhibits mammary gland growth

Calcium chloride crystals

Give greater mass and inertia to the otolithic membrane.

Sound perception

Occurs when sound waves lead to the opening of stretch-gated Na+ channels on hair cells.

Utricle

Senses horizontal acceleration, such as 'hitting the gas pedal'.

Organ of Corti

Located within the bony labyrinth.

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

Mary displays intolerance to cold and weight gain.

High TSH levels

Would suggest a pituitary tumor.

TRH levels in hyperthyroidism

Mary's TRH levels will be high.

TSH levels in hyperthyroidism

Would not give the doctor any indication as to the cause of her hyperthyroidism.

Menstruation

The shedding of the inner 2/3 of the endometrium, called the decidua basalis.

Estrogen and progesterone drop

Caused by the regression of the corpus luteum, leading to menstruation.

Follicular phase

A positive feedback loop occurs as FSH stimulates the oocyte in the secondary follicle to secrete more estrogen.

Luteal phase

Corresponds to the proliferative phase of the endometrium.

FSH function

Stimulates the development of some primary follicles at the beginning of the cycle.

Olfactory receptors

Are tonic.

Taste bud signals

Travel through the thalamus to the gustatory cortex, while olfaction signals do not relay through the thalamus.

Taste and smell loss

Occurs because taste bud sensory cells and olfactory sensory neurons cannot be replaced if damaged.

Types of olfactory sensory neurons

The human nose has hundreds of different types.

Stress response pathways

Involves the sympathetic branch of the ANS and the hormone pathway.

ACTH release

Can occur from stressful stimuli sensed by higher brain centers.

Adrenal medulla stimulation

Stimulated by sympathetic nerves.

Adrenal cortex stimulation

Stimulated by a hormone from the anterior pituitary.

Glucocorticoids

Secreted by the adrenal cortex.

Long-term steroid use

Can lead to shrinking of the adrenal cortex.

Testosterone administration

Will result in negative feedback on the anterior pituitary and lead to shrinking of the testicles.

Surge of testosterone

Leads to ejaculation.

Inhibin hormone

Required to turn off the production of LH from the anterior pituitary.

LH and testosterone role

Required for the removal of cytoplasm from the maturing spermatid.

Seminiferous tubule cells

Have receptors for FSH and testosterone.