PSY 110 Gillis Exam 4

Know about the ABC model of attitudes and what those letters stand for

Affect (Mood)

Behavior

Cognitive

Message

1-sided

2-sided

A one-sided argument works best when the target is initially in favor of the message. Two-sided works best when the target is initially opposed to the message.

Source/Speaker

Credibility

Attractiveness

Similarity

Target/Audience

Gender

Knowledge

Forewarning

Inoculation

Forewarning

less likely to be persuaded when you know someone is going to try and change your mind

Inoculation

provide weakened argument, refute it

Know all of the basic details of Festinger's $1, $20 study

"Forced-compliance paradigm" subjects performed a series of repetitive and boring tasks and were then asked to lie to the "next subject" and say that the tasks were interesting and enjoyable. Some subjects were paid $1 for lying, while others were paid $20. The subjects who were paid $1 for lying later evaluated the tasks as more enjoyable than those who were paid $20. The subjects who were paid $20 should not have experienced dissonance, because they were well rewarded and had apple justification for lying, whereas those paid $1 had little justification for lying and should have experienced cognitive dissonance. To reduce the dissonance, they reevaluated the boring task as interesting and enjoyable.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Drive Theory)

Behavior can change one's attitudes or beliefs

Attitudes shape behavior, Behavior changes attitude

The theory that people experience psychological discomfort or dissonance whenever cognitions and behaviors are in conflict

What are the three ways that we can reduce cognitive dissonance?

Change existing beliefs

Adding new beliefs

Reducing the importance of the beliefs

Attribution theory

Theory that we attempt to make sense out of other people's behavior by attributing it to either dispositional (internal causes or external (situational causes)

Fundamental attribution bias

Tendency to overestimate dispositional (internal) causes and to underestimate situational (external) causes of behavior

Judgment about the cause of someone's behavior

Internal vs external + Stable vs. Unstable

Internal + Stable: "She's smart"

Internal + Unstable: "She worked extra hard"

External + Stable: ​​"The test must have been easy"

External + Unstable: "She got lucky"

The Actor-Observer Effect

Sometimes we observe others, sometimes we are the actor

The Fundamental Attribution Error

For other's problem behavior

(We over-use internal attributions)

The Self-Serving Bias

For our own problem behavior

(We over-use external)

Conformity

Tendency to change or modify behaviors so that they are consistent with those of other people

Compliance

Form of social influence in which people alter their behavior in response to direct requests from others, which usually involve a degree of coercion

Obedience

Social influence in which we alter our behavior in response to commands or orders from people perceived as having power or authority

The Ash Line comparison studies of Conformity

76% conformed with an obviously wrong answer at least once

The power of an ally in the conformity studies

If one single person said the correct line the participants would say the correct line

Door-in-the-face-technique

Method for encouraging compliance in which an unreasonable request is followed by a more minor, reasonable request (which is the requester's goal in the first place)

Foot-in-the-door-technique

For encouraging compliance in which a person is first asked to agree to a relatively minor request that serves as s setup for a more major request

Stanley Milgram's Study (Going along with a direct order)

Obedience study, only one real participant, two actors

Subject (teacher), learner (actor), experimenter (actor)

65% of subjects went all the way to the end and delivered the highest shock

Learner got progressively worse, heart condition, banging on door to be let out all while the experimenter told the teacher to keep going no matter what

Groupthink

Refers to a situation in which a group makes a really bad decision that each individual wouldn't make on their own

Diffusion of Responsibility

Tendency for an individual to feel a diminished sense of responsibility to assist in an emergency when other bystanders are present

The Bystander Effect

The more who are present in a situation where help is needed, the less likely it is that someone will help

Fear of social blunder

Diffusion of responsibility

Fear of social blunder

social comparison, opinion of strangers, don't want to do anything foolish

Instinct (Freud Thanatos & Eros)

From motivation lecture, instinct theories of

aggression gave way to drive theories

Comes from death instinct

Drive(Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis,

1939)

A popular, but outdated, theory

that said all aggression stems from

frustration of some desire

All aggression comes from frustration of some desire

Social Learning

The current theory that

claims aggressive behavior is learned

classically, operantly or observastionally

Prejudice

Negative, unjustifiable, and inflexible attitude toward a group and its members

discrimination

In social psychology, the behavioral consequences of prejudice in which one group is treated differently from another group

stereotype

Preconceived and oversimplified beliefs and expectations about the traits of members of a particular group that do not account for individual differences

racism

Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonaism by an individual, community, or intistution agaisnt a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or or ethnic group, typcially one that is a minority or marginalized

Belief that observable differences among groups are due to genetics

sexism

Belief that observable differences among genders are due to genetics

Social Categorization

The overwhelmingly strong tendency to divide the social world into groups that we treat very differently

Us vs Them

Ingroup bias: tendency to see one's own group in a favorable light

Outgroup: the "them" group when individuals divide the world into "us" and "them"

Illusory Correlations

pattern that does not actually exist, reaffirming belief, ignoring when it doesn't, look for patterns

The Ultimate Attribution Error

member of my group does something bad, individual blame vs. group blame

Interpersonal attraction (love and friendship). four relevant factors

Similarity

Proximity

Reciprocity

Physical Attractiveness

Similarity

In social psychology, similarly of beliefs, interests, and values is recognized as a factor attracting people to one another

Proximity

The geographical nearness of one person to another, which is an important factor in interpersonal attraction

Reciprocity

The tendency to respond to others in a way similar to how they respond to, or treat us

Physical Attractiveness

Physical features that persons of the opposite sex find appealing

romantic love

Passionate Love, Companionate Love

Passionate Love

High to low

Companionate Love

Low to High

Emotions

changes in physiological and behavioral states caused by a stimulus or stimulus context. In humans many of our emotions are experienced as feelings or moods

Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions

8 primary emotion, 8 missed or secondary emotions

Variations of intensity

Joy, Acceptance, Fear, Surprise, Sadness, Disgust, Anger, Anticipation

James-Lange Theory

Theory that explains emotional states (such as fear) resulting from an organism's awareness of bodily responses to a situation, rather than from cognitions about that situation

Perceived stimulus, bodily responses, experienced emotion (linear theory)

Cannon-Bard Theory

Theory that emotions occur simultaneously with physiological changes, rather than deriving from body changes as the James-Lange Theory suggests

Perceived stimulus, experienced emotion and body responses (non-linear)

Schachter-Singer Theory

Theory that a given body state can be linked to a variety of emotions depending on the context in which the body state occurs

Perceived stimulus, body arousal plus cognitive label, experienced emotion

What did Darwin say about human facial expressions?

Facial expressions are universal

Paul Ekman

Expert on facial expressions

18 different smiles

Duchenne smile

Duchenne smile

truly happy smile, not fake

Stress

Process of appraising events or situations as harmful, threatening, or challenging. Also, a pattern of hormonal and physiological responses that accompany threatening events

Psychological wear and tear on the body due to the demands placed on it

Life-events Checklist (Holmes and Rahe)

A major life events checklist: "Which of the following has happened to you" (stress score), health checklist and score are compared

Shortcoming: it did not take into account the minor daily hassles and the different individuals coping mechanisms

Cognitive Appraisal Lazarus

How you think about a stressful event determines how stressful that event will be

Conflicts

Decisions and choices

More choices more stress

Frustration

Blocking of goal directed behavior, things that get in the way of your goals

Environmental Sources

Heat, humidity, noise, crowding

Particularly when it is unexpected, unpredictable, and/or uncontrollable

sources of stress

Conflict, frustration and environmental factors

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

progressive responses to prolonged exposure to stressful events during which an organism mobilizes for action and compensates for stress

General Adaptation Syndrome and the three stages

alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Coping with stress

Social Factors

Supportive relationships are most useful

Sense of belonging to a group

Coping with stress

Cognitive Factors (Lazarus)

Problem vs. Emotion Focus

Sense of commitment to an idea

Internal Locus of control

Having actual control

Problem vs. Emotion Focus

solutions vs. support

Sense of commitment to an idea:

working towards a goal

Internal Locus of control

believing that you have control over what happens to you

Having actual control

Rodin and Langer did a nursing home study where patients got more control (bed sheets, food, visiting times) and death rate for those patients was cut in half

Type A

individuals who are hard-driving, competitive, hostile, time urgent, and demanding of both themselves, and others, as described by Friedman and Rosenman in their study of coronary heart disease

High time urgency, but hostility is the real issue

Type B

individuals who are relaxed, easygoing, not driven to achieve perfection, happy in their jobs, understanding, and not easily angered, as described by Friedman and Rosenman in the study of coronary heart disease

Learned Helplessness

Inappropriate generalization of non control

Psychological Hardiness

Commitment vs. Alienation

Internal Locus of Control

Problem focused Style

Psychoneuroimmunology

Psychobiology/Biopsychology

Behavioral Medicine

Health Psychology

Behavioral Neuroscience

Psychobiology/Biopsychology

study of mind-body interactions

Behavioral Medicine

what can be done to change habits

Health Psychology

any interactions in hospital environments

Behavioral Neuroscience

brian damage to body

Health Studies Today

Psychologists are working on: cancer, aids, heart disease, smoking control, alcohol and drug addiction, stress management

Many great advanced in the future of health will come from behavioral changed not just from new medicines

Abnormal Behavior

behavior that is atypical, maladaptive, or socially unacceptable, or that produced emotional discomfort

How do we decide if someone has a behavioral disorder?

If the behavior is dysfunctional, meaning that it has an effect on living everyday life normally

Defining Abnormal Disorders

Statistical Approach: not normal distribution, abnormal

Sociological Approach: cultural differences in norms

Psychoanalytical Approach: early childhood experiences cause

Behavioral Approach: learned disorders, reward and punishment

Cognitive Approach: negative thinking

Biological Approach: brain scan, genetics

Interactionist Approach: commonality, take different approaches, an interaction of many things

Statistical Approach

not normal distribution, abnormal

Sociological Approach

cultural differences in norms

Psychoanalytical Approach

early childhood experiences cause

Behavioral Approach

learned disorders, reward and punishment

Cognitive Approach

negative thinking

Biological Approach

brain scan, genetics

Interactionist Approach

commonality, take different approaches, an interaction of many things

Takes into account many different factors; genetics, childhood experiences, and cognitions

Anxiety Disorder

any of a number of disorders that produce pervasive feelings of anxiety

Anxiety Disorders

Panic Disorder

Agoraphobia

Social Anxiety (Social Phobia)

Specific Phobia

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Panic Disorder

Anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences numerous panic attacks (four or more in a four-week period) that are characterized by overwhelming terror and often a feeling of unreality or depersonalization

Agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available, such as stores, theaters, and trains; often accompanies panic disorder

Social Anxiety (Social Phobia)

An anxiety disorder characterized by a persistent, irrational fear of performing some specific behaviors (such as talking or eating) in the presence of other people

Specific Phobia

Anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational fear of specific situations or objects, such as heights, small closed places, strangers, or animals

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A chronic state of free-floating anxiety or worry that has persisted for at least six months

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Intellectual Disability (Formerly Retarted)

Autism

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Specific Learning Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, lack of impulse control, and hyperactivity

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Hoarding Disorder