PSY101 Exam 2

conciousness

one’s moment-to-moment subjective experience of the world (mental process) -Freud, James, Wundt

change blindness

a failure to notice large changes in one’s environment

endogenous attention

attention directed voluntarily (preparing for rehearsal)

exogenous attention

attention directed involuntarily (interacting)

driving

automatic process

hypnosis

social interaction person responds to suggestions, experiences, perception, and volunteers aciton

circadian rhythms

biological patterns that occur at regular intervals as a function of time of day
“free running cycle” ex. sleeping

REM sleep

stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, paralysis of motor systems, and dreaming

thinking

is an OUTPUT

function

is NOT a direct behavior and thinking

Galton, 1879

things we are not aware of influence our behavior

Freud, 1900

levels of consciousness & “Freudian Slips”

CONCIOUSNESS

is limited

Motor cortex, visual association area, amygdala, brain stem

activated during REM dreams

psychoactive drugs

changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior

stimulants

increase behavioral and mental activity

depressants

decrease behavioral and mental activity

opioids

reduce experience of pain, bring pleasure

hallucinogens/psychedelics

after thoughts or perception

combination

mixed effects

subliminal perception

people are influenced by hidden messages

sleep

altered state of conciousness

sleep (stages 1-2) theta waves

bursts of irregular waves

sleep (stages 3-4) delta waves

slow brain waves during deep sleep

sleep (REM)

short fast brain waves

priming

facilitation in the response to a stimulus due to recent experience with that stimulus or related

selective listening studies

unattended ear influences recall in the attended ear

EEG

changes in states of consciousness are often associated with changes in cortical or surface electrical activity are measured by

awake consciousness

most common state (beta waves)

daydreaming

low attention to external stimulation, high fantasy (high alpha waves)

flow states

high alpha waves, happiness (Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi)

Non-rem

sleep posture moving

Rem sleeping

not moving sleep posture

Why sleep?

conservation of energy, restorative

Why Rem sleep?

vigilance, learning, species typicla re-programming, brain development

sensation

detection of physical stimuli and the transmission of this information to the brain

5 senses

touch, sight, hear, smell, taste

kinesthetic sense

body position in space, movement, coordination

somesthetic sense

body sensations

cultaneous senses

TOUCH, pressure, temperate, pain

vestibular

body rotation sense, gravity, muscle to balance

proprioception

position, movement, & force

electroreception

detects electric fields

magnoreception

detects earth magnetic fields

echolocation

detects objects in 3D space using sound waves

polarized light

detect and tags objects creating a GPS like map

thermoreception

detect temperature at a distance

physcial reality

DOES NOT equal psychological reality

perception

processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals in the brain

bottom-up processing

perception based on the physical features of the stimulus (ex. recognizing splash of root beer bc of how it looks)

top-down processing

(“capture”) interpretation of sensory info based on knowledge, expectations, and past experiences (ex. we don’t see blue apple object as a red apple, bc we know apples aren’t blue

selectivity

limited qualitative range of environmental energy is captured

sensitivity

limited intensity range of the environmental energy is detected

experience adaptation

“capture” ceases if the environment energy remains constant

transduction

sensory stimuli are converted to neural signals the brain can interpret

vision

electromagnetic radiation (wavelengths)

audition

air pressure (wavelength)

olfaciton

volatile chemical molecules

taste

non-volatile chemical molecules

cutaneous senses

mechanical, thermal, chemical

selectivity

SPECIES SPECIFIC

sensory organs

capture the energy

sensory receptors

transduce (change it)

absolute treshold

minimum intensity of stimulation necessary to detect a sensation half the time

signal detection theory (SDT)

detection of a stimulus requires a judgement- NOT all or ntohing

sensory adaptation

decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation

synethesia

unique combinations of direct senses

rods/cones

transduce the signal but come in 4 forms | 3 cones-color and brightness 1 rod- brightness for most wavelengths

amplitude

brightness

retina

inner surface of back of eyeball, sensory receptors that transduce light into neural signals

fovea

center of the retina, where cones are densely packed

Gestalt

“shape” or “form”

perception organization

rules about how to organize the parks into the whole forms

regional segregation

color, texture

shape

sensory info is fit into a set of shapes

grouping

proximity or similarity

perceptual constancy

perception is the same despite changes in sensation

mental processes

influence perception

binocular depth cues

cues of depth perception that arise from the fact that people have 2 eyes

monocular depth cues

cues of depth perception available to each eye alone

gustation

sense of taste

olfaction

sense of smell

haptic sense

sense of touch

structures participate in sensation and perception

specialized receptor, thalamus, cortex

learning

relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience

non-associative

responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event

associative

linking two stimuli or events that occur together

habituation

decrease in behavioral response to stimulus decreases

sensitization

when our behavioral response to a stimulus increases

classical conditioning (Pavlovian)

neutral stimulus elicits response when it is associated with stimulus (ex. Tiktok breakup)

operant conditioning

learn that a behavior leads to a consequence

unconditioned response

does not have to be learned, reflex

unconditioned stimulus

stimulus elicits a response, without any prior learning

UCS

food

UCR

Salvation/chew

cognitive

social

habituation

decrease in response to a stimulus (rat not caring about shot)

sensitization

increase in response to a stimulus (more exposure, more you like it)

conditioned response

response to conditioned stimulus has been learned

conditioned stimulus

stimulus elicits a response only after learning has taken place