Midterm Anatomy and Movement Analysis - DAP 301 Foundations of Movement - Syracuse University

Last updated 2.20

Axial Skeleton

Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs, Pelvis

Spinal Anatomy

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx

Pelvic Bone Anatomy

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis, Sacrum, Coccyx, Iliac Crest, Ischial, and Tuberosity.

Upper Extremity Bones

Humerus, Clavicle, Scapula, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

Lower Extremity Bones

Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

Bone Typology

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid

Long Bones

Tubular and longer than wide, enhances movement.

Short Bones

Cubical, aid in shock absorption, transmission of force, and small or complex motion.

Flat Bones

Thin and flat, protect vital organs and broad surfaces for muscle attachment.

Irregular Bones

Specialized shape for protection and support.

Sesamoid Bones

Imbedded in tendons to reduce friction, ease tension, and improve muscle leverage.

Diaphysis

Shaft portion of a long bone.

Epiphysis

End portion of a long bone.

Epiphyseal Plate/Line

A cartilage growth plate that seals after adolescence on long bones.

Medullary Cavity

The hollow space in the diaphysis containing marrow.

Articular Cartilage

Tissue covering the ends of bones in joints.

Wolff’s Law

Bones may change over time based on stress. More stress equates to an increase in bone density.

Joint Typology

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

Fibrous Joints

Two joints fully connected - ex. skull.

Cartilaginous Joints

Pieces of connected cartilage - ex. intervertebral.

Synovial Joints

Fluid and capsule - ex. most bodily joints

Synovial Joint Typology

Pivot, Hinge, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball and Socket, Gliding and Plane

Pivot Joints

One piece with a ring around it that moves such as the radioulnar joint.

Hinge Joints

A spool rotating in a concave surface such as the elbow.

Condyloid Joints

An oval and an elliptical cavity such as the knuckles.

Saddle Joints

Concave and convex such as the thumb.

Ball and Socket Joints

Ball and socket such as the hip.

Gliding and Plane Joints

Gliding such as the carpals.

Anatomical Position

Faced forward, feet forward, palms open.

Supine Position

Lying on back.

Prone Position

Lying face down.

Superior

Above/toward the head.

Inferior

Below/toward the feet.

Anterior

Front side/in front of.

Posterior

Back side/behind.

Medial

Closer to median plane/midline.

Lateral

Further from median plane/midline.

Proximal

Closer to the root of the limb, trunk, or center of body.

Distal

Farther from the root of the limb, trunk, or center of body.

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body.

Deep

Farther from the surface of the body.

Palmar

Anterior aspect of hand (palm) in anatomical position.

Dorsal

Posterior aspect of hand and top of foot in anatomical position.

Plantar

Bottom of foot in anatomical position.

Body Planes

Sagittal, Frontal/Coronal, Transverse

Sagittal Plane

Left/Right.

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Front/Back.

Transverse Plane

Top/Bottom.

Flexion

Bringing a body segment toward an adjacent body segment.

Extension

Moving from a flexed position to anatomical positioning.

Abduction

Moving away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Moving toward the midline of the body.

External Rotation

Turning anterior surface outward.

Internal Rotation

Turning anterior surface inward.

Lateral Flexion

Side bending of the trunk.

Pronation

Turning the palm backward.

Supination

Turning the palm forward.

Horizontal Abduction

Movement of the limb away from the midline when the limb is flexed at 90 degrees.

Horizontal Adduction

Movement of the limb toward the midline when the limb is flexed at 90 degrees.

Dorsiflexion

Bringing toes and top of foot towards the shin.

Plantarflexion

Bringing toes and the bottom of the foot downward.

Inversion

Lifting medial portion of foot upward.

Eversion

Bringing lateral portion of foot upward.

Skeletal Muscle Composition

Fascicles.

Fascicle Composition

Muscle fibers.

Muscle Fiber Composition

Myofibrils.

Myofibril Composition

Sarcomeres.

Fascia

Ligament tissue that wraps around skeletal muscle.

Tendons

Tissue attaching muscle to bone.

Ligaments

Tissue attaching bones to bones.

Strain

Injured Tendon.

Sprain

Injured Ligament.

Epimysium

Fibrous tissue surrounding the whole skeletal muscle.

Perimysium

Fibrous tissue surrounding fascicles.

Endomysium

Fibrous tissue surrounding muscle fibers.

Muscle Contraction Process

Calcium is released first which cause the myosin and actin to couple, allowing the use of ATP causing the sarcomere to shorten.

Characteristics of Type I Skeletal Muscle

Uses aerobic pathways, uses oxygen and are meant to be used constantly, the fibers are smaller, and they are very fatigue resistant.

Characteristics of Type IIa Skeletal Muscle

Hybrid of type I and type IIB - Has faster contraction speed than type I and more enduring than type IIb.

Characteristics of Type IIb Skeletal Muscle

Uses Anaerobic pathways, doesn't utilize much oxygen, and meant for great force production in low duration.

Fusiform

Muscles running along the bone.

Penniform

Muscles attaching at an angle.

Origin of the Muscle

The proximal attachment of the muscle.

Insertion of the Muscle

The distal attachment of the muscle.

Concentric

Shortening of muscle as the motion occurs.

Eccentric

Lengthening of the muscle as the motion occurs.

Isometric

Muscular contraction without joint movement.

Agonist

Muscle whose contraction produces the desired movement.

Antagonist

Muscle with an action opposite of the agonist

Synergist

Muscle that works with the agonist to achieve the primary goal.

Stabilizer

Muscle that acts as a fixator by contracting isometrically.

Open Kinematic Chain

Movements where the distal segment is free to move in space while the body remains stationary.

Closed Kinematic Chain

Movements where the distal segment is grounded while the body is free to move in space.

Spinal Joint Typology

Intervertebral, Facet, Costovertebral, and Lumbosacral

Intervertebral Joints

Joints located between vertebrae.

Facet Joints

Gliding/Plane joints connecting facets.

Costovertebral Joints

Gliding/Plane joints connecting the thoracic vertebrae and ribs.

Lumbosacral Joint

Connects L5 to the Sacrum.

Spinal Movements

Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, Rotation.

Spinal Musculature

Rectus Abdominus, Transverse Abdominus, Internal and External Obliques, Iliopsoas, Erector Spinae, and Quadratas Lumborum.

Erector Spinae Musculature

Spinalis, Longissimus, and Iliocostalis.