Inputs & Outputs

What are the inputs of glycolysis per one glucose?

1 glucose; 2 ATP (invested); 2 NAD⁺; 4 ADP + 2 Pi (for ATP production).

What are the outputs of glycolysis per one glucose?

2 pyruvate; 2 NADH; 4 ATP produced (2 ATP net gain); 2 H₂O released. The 2 H₂O are released during the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).

What are the inputs of pyruvate oxidation per one glucose?

2 pyruvate; 2 CoA; 2 NAD⁺.

What are the outputs of pyruvate oxidation per one glucose?

2 acetyl-CoA; 2 CO₂; 2 NADH; no ATP produced.

What are the inputs of the Krebs cycle per one glucose?

2 acetyl-CoA; 6 NAD⁺; 2 FAD; 2 ADP + 2 Pi. Water is used during specific reactions. Important: Oxaloacetate is regenerated, so it isn't a net input. CoA-SH leaves when acetyl-CoA transfers its acetyl group.

What are the outputs of the Krebs cycle per one glucose?

4 CO₂; 6 NADH; 2 FADH₂; 2 ATP; 2 CoA-SH released.

What are the inputs of oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH; FADH₂; O₂; ADP + Pi.

What are the outputs of oxidative phosphorylation?

ATP; H₂O; NAD⁺ (recycled); FAD (recycled).

How much ATP is made through substrate-level phosphorylation per glucose?

Glycolysis: 2 net ATP. Krebs: 2 ATP. Total: 4 ATP.

How much ATP does each electron carrier produce?

1 NADH → 3 ATP; 1 FADH₂ → 2 ATP.