Sport Psychology Chapters 3–14: Motivation, Anxiety, Coping, and Imagery

What is dysfunctional perfectionism associated with?

Excessive exercise, poor performance, and athlete burnout.

What are the two primary situational considerations for need achievement theory?

Probability of success and incentive value of success.

What does achievement motivation include?

Efforts to master a task, achieve excellence, overcome obstacles, perform better than others, and take pride in exercising talent.

What are the four theories related to achievement motivation?

Need achievement, attribution, achievement goal, and competence motivation.

What is task orientation?

Focus on comparing performance with personal standards and personal improvement.

What is ego goal orientation?

Comparing performance with and defeating others.

What is the trait-centered view of motivation?

Primarily a function of individual characteristics.

What are the three factors in achievement goal theory?

Achievement goals, interpretation of environmental demands, and level of perceived ability.

What does competence motivation theory influence?

Feelings of self-esteem, competence, and control.

True or False: Attributions to internal factors do not often result in emotional reactions.

False.

True or False: The direction of effort refers to whether an individual seeks out certain situations.

False.

True or False: The intensity of effort refers to how much effort a person puts forth.

True.

True or False: To enhance motivation, you must analyze personal and situational characteristics.

True.

What does the interactional view of motivation claim?

Motivation is an interaction of participant and situational factors.

What does attribution theory focus on?

How athletes explain their success and failures.

True or False: A task goal-orientation focuses on comparing performance with personal standards.

True.

How does increased arousal influence athletic performance?

Through changes in attention, concentration, and visual search patterns.

What is the relationship between high trait anxiety and state anxiety reactions?

High trait anxiety is related to heightened state anxiety reactions.

What does somatic state anxiety describe?

Moment-to-moment changes in an athlete's physiological response.

What is trait anxiety?

An athlete's general level of anxiety that stays relatively stable over time.

What are context-related sources of stress?

Variables like audience presence, task properties, opponents, team cohesion, and motivational climate.

What is arousal?

A blend of psychological and physiological activity in a person.

What is the Inverted-U hypothesis?

Performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, beyond which performance declines.

What is the correct order of the four interrelated stages of stress?

Environmental demand, perception of demand, stress response, behavioral consequences.

How is stress defined?

A substantial imbalance between demand and response capability.

True or False: Increased arousal and state anxiety cause increased muscle tension and fatigue and can interfere with coordination.

True

What is an example of a subjective competitive situation?

When an athlete looks forward to a competition while another dreads it.

What factors influence an athlete's subjective appraisal of a competitive situation?

Perceived ability, motivation, and the importance of the competitive situation.

What effect do rewards perceived as controlling have on intrinsic motivation?

They decrease intrinsic motivation and feelings of competence.

What is the purpose of motivational feedback?

To enhance confidence, inspire greater effort, and create a positive mood.

True or False: Harmonious passion is a strong desire to engage in an activity freely as it becomes part of one's identity.

True

What is harmonious passion?

A fully controllable desire to participate in an activity that becomes part of one's identity.

What is obsessive passion?

A controlling desire to participate in an activity.

What defines flow in athletic performance?

The balance between perceived skill and challenge.

What is Csikszentmihalyi's flow concept?

A balance between an athlete's perceived abilities and the challenge of the task.

What is a holistic sensation in flow?

Feeling totally involved in an activity or being on autopilot.

What is a factor that interferes with the flow state?

Negative thinking.

Which factors can prevent and disrupt flow?

Self-doubt, loss of concentration, fatigue, injury, all of the above.

What is a key feature of multimodal anxiety reduction programs?

They help participants develop coping skills for managing a variety of problems.

True or False: Progressive relaxation technique involves tensing and relaxing specific muscles.

True

What does the relaxation response teach?

To quiet the mind, concentrate, and reduce muscle tension.

What is cognitive-affective stress management training?

A program that teaches coping responses using relaxation and cognitive components.

What does cognitive restructuring aim to identify?

Irrational or stress-inducing self-statements related to fear of failure.

What is problem-focused coping?

Efforts to alter or manage the problem causing stress.

What behaviors are included in problem-focused coping?

Information gathering, planning, goal setting, time management, problem solving, self-talk.

What is emotion-focused coping?

Regulating emotional responses to problems that cause stress.

What techniques are included in emotion-focused coping?

Meditation, relaxation, wishful thinking, reappraisal, self-blame.

What is the psychoneuromuscular theory of imagery?

It suggests that vividly imagined events produce neuromuscular patterns similar to actual movements.

What does symbolic learning theory suggest about imagery?

It functions as a coding system to help people understand and acquire movement patterns.

What are the two keys to effective imagery?

Vividness and controllability.

What is internal imagery?

Imagining the execution of a skill from one's own vantage point to experience kinesthetic sense.

What is motivational imagery?

Imagining oneself in a highly motivating setting, such as receiving a medal.

What does controllability in imagery mean?

The ability to manipulate images to produce the desired outcome.

What does the bioinformational theory state about images?

An image is a functionally organized set of propositions stored by the brain.

What are the three main types of propositions in bioinformational theory?

Stimulus propositions, response propositions, and meaning propositions.

What are stimulus propositions?

Statements that describe specific stimulus features of the scenario to be imagined.

What are response propositions?

Statements that describe the imager's response to the scenario, designed to produce physiological activity.

What are meaning propositions?

They explain how the response to the stimulus is interpreted by the individual.

What is somatic state anxiety?

Moment-to-moment change in athletes' perceived psychological activation.

What describes an athlete's general level of anxiety that remains stable over time?

Trait anxiety.

What happens when an athlete looks forward to competition versus dreading it?

It illustrates different emotional responses to competition.

What are some factors that might disrupt the occurrence of flow?

Lack of confidence, loss of concentration, negative referee, negative self-talk.

What is the relationship between arousal and performance?

Performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point.

What does the direction of effort in motivation refer to?

Whether an individual seeks out or is attracted to situations.

What does the intensity of effort in motivation refer to?

How much effort a person puts forth in a particular situation.

What is a key factor that can prevent flow in sports?

Lacking motivation to perform.

What is the significance of vivid imagery in sports performance?

It helps athletes mentally rehearse and enhance their skills.

What is the role of emotions in imagery?

Invoking emotions can enhance the effectiveness of imagery.

How can athletes improve their imagery skills?

By practicing vivid and controllable images that incorporate multiple senses.

What does the term 'preventive factors' refer to in sports psychology?

Factors that disrupt optimal performance or flow.

What is the impact of negative thinking on athletic performance?

It can disrupt focus and flow, negatively impacting performance.

What is the importance of feedback in motivation?

It facilitates effort and creates a positive mood.

What is the effect of low arousal levels on performance?

Performance will be below par if an individual is not adequately aroused.

What must you analyze to enhance motivation?

A player's personality and the interaction of personal and characteristic information.

What are the two key features of good imagery?

Vividness and controllability.

What is a task goal orientation focused on?

Comparing performance with personal standards and personal improvement.

What do increased arousal and state anxiety cause?

Muscle tension and fatigue.

What does arousal refer to?

A blend of physiological and psychological activity.

What is a key feature in multimodal anxiety reduction programs?

They help participants develop coping strategies.

What is dysfunctional perfectionism focused on?

Unrealistic standards and fear of failure.

What kind of imagery involves imagining a motivating setting?

Motivational imagery.

What does the perfection relaxation technique involve?

Tensing and relaxing specific muscles from one major muscle group to the next.

What describes a fully controllable desire to participate in an activity?

Harmonious passion.

What view of motivation states that behavior is a function of individual characteristics?

The interactional view of motivation.

What defines a substantial imbalance between demand and response capability?

Stress.

What are the three factors of achievement theory?

Ability, effort, and task difficulty.

What is the theory that states an image is a functionally set of propositions stored by the brain?

Cognitive theory of imagery.

What does the term 'cheek-set-me-high' refer to?

A specific motivational cue or image.

What describes the balance between perceived skill and challenge?

Flow.

What is the difference between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping?

Problem-focused coping addresses the problem directly, while emotion-focused coping manages emotional responses.

What does cognitive restructuring attempt to do?

Change negative thought patterns.

Which theory influences self-esteem?

Self-determination theory.

What can prevent and disrupt flow?

Self-doubt, loss of concentration, fatigue, and injury.

What is related to heightened state anxiety in athletes?

High trait anxiety and anxiety reactions.