🎃SOCIAL STUDIES AGE OF INDUSTRY TEST🇺🇸

how did railroads become more efficient after the civil war?

the south’s tracks were changed to northern gauge, which formed a network of tracks

how was traveling made more comfortable?

by adding sleeping and dining cars

what were some abuses of the railroads?

too many lines were competing for profit, rebates were secretly offered to their largest customers, and pools were developed, fixing prices in certain areas

how did railroads fuel the growth of industry?

the building of the tracks increased the need for steel workers, & lumberjacks, coal miners were needed to dig up coal to fuel the engines, and thousands were employed to build the railroad lines

how did the Bessemer process help the steel industry?

It helped steel be produced at a lower cost

who completed the first trans-atlantic cable, when was it completed, and what did it do?

Cyrus Field completed it in 1858, and it brought Europe and the US closer together

who tested the first telephone, and when?

Alexander Graham Bell in 1876

by 1885 how many telephones did Graham Bell sell?

more than 300,000

when was the Bell Telephone Company formed?

1887

when did Thomas Edisons’ “Invention Factory” open, and where?

It opened in 1876, and it was in Menlo Park, NJ

what started the modern age of electricity?

the electric power plant in New York City

what did Thomas Edison become known as?

“the wizard of Menlo Park”

what were some breakthrough inventions?

the light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture projector, the storage battery, and hundreds of other devices

who invented the refrigeration system, and when?

Gustavus Swift in 1880

what did the refrigeration system change?

It changed American’s diets to more meat, and it allowed railroad cars to deliver fresh meat

who introduced the assembly line process, and when?

Thomas Ford, in 1913

what did the assembly line process allow?

mass production

who invented the airplane?

the Wright brothers

what did the invention of the airplane change?

not only America, but the world

when was the first “flying machine” (airplane) tested?

December 17, 1903

what did the Bessemer process enable steel makers to do?

produce stronger steel at lower prices

how is steel made?

by mixing iron ore and coal together at a very high temperature

what was steel used for?

to make railroad rails, machines, tools, and steel beams were used to make the frames of buildings, and that introduced the first skyscraper

what effect did the Bessemer process have on Industrial America?

steel mills sprung up across the nation, steel mills brought prosperity to many cities and towns, and it also caused there to be problems like having a lot of pollution, smoke, and soot covered towns

what was Andrew Carnegie known as?

the “King of steel”

what was Andrew Carnegie?

a philanthropist (a person who gives back to society)

was Andrew Carnegie born rich or poor?

poor

[ ] borrowed millions of $ from banks (fill in the blank)

corporations

when and where did the first oil strike occur?

1859 in Pennsylvania

big sprouts of oil that shot up from the ground were called…

“gushers”

what did Rockefeller believe?

that competition was wasteful

what did Rockefeller invest in?

refineries

expanding capital factories needed capital $ to…

buy raw materials, pay workers, and cover shipping & advertising costs

what is a corporation?

a business owned by investors

what does a corporation sell and to who?

it sells stock (shares) to investors (stockholders)

what do stockholders receive in return of buying stock?

dividends (a share of the corporation’s profit)

who created the “Standard Oil Trust” and when?

Rockefeller in 1882

with no competition, what do monopolies control?

price

who are businesses owned and operated by?

private citizens

what did the “Sherman Anti-Trust Act” (created in 1890) do?

it banned the formation of trusts and monopolies, but ended up being to weak to be effective

in the late 1800’s workers faced harsh conditions that led them to organize into…

unions

factories had…

dangerous working conditions, low pay, child labor, and over 2 million children working that were not able to attend school

what was the “Knights of Labor”? (1869)

a secret organization of only skilled workers who did not believe in strikes

what was the “American Trade Federation of Labor” (1886) (AFL)

it was a movement that contained higher wages, improved working conditions, and shorted working hours, and it was formed by Samuel Gompers

what was the “International Ladies’ Garnment Workers Union” (1900) (ILGWU)

it was a movement that fought for better pay, and shorter working hours (men and women were members)

what was the “Triangle Shirtwaist Fire”?

it was a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist company in New York that was started by very poor working conditions, and many died due to no escape, and tight spaces