Cranial Nerves

Cranial Nerve I (Foramen)

Cribriform Plate (Smell the Baby)

Cranial Nerve II (Foramen)

Optic Canal

Cranial Nerve III (Foramen)

Superior Orbital Fissure

Cranial Nerve IV (Foramen)

Superior Orbital Fissure

Cranial Nerve V (Main Divisions)

V1: Ophthalmic

V2: Maxillary

V3: Mandibular

Cranial Nerve V1 (Foramen)

Superior Orbital Fissure

Cranial Nerve V2 (Foramen)

Foramen Rotundum

Cranial Nerve V3 (Foramen)

Foramen Ovale

Cranial Nerve VI (Foramen)

Superior Orbital Fissure

Cranial Nerve VII (Foramen)

Internal Acoustic Meatus (7-8 Inches)

Cranial Nerve VIII (Foramen)

Internal Acoustic Meatus (7-8 Inches)

Cranial Nerve IX (Foramen)

Jugular Foramen (911, Jugs)

Cranial Nerve X (Foramen)

Jugular Foramen (911, Jugs)

Cranial Nerve XI (Foramen)

Jugular Foramen (911, Jugs)

Cranial Nerve XII (Foramen)

Hypoglossal Canal

Cranial Nerve I (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Sensory

Cranial Nerve II (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Sensory

Cranial Nerve III (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Motor

Cranial Nerve IV (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Motor

Cranial Nerve V (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Both

Cranial Nerve VI (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Motor

Cranial Nerve VII (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Both

Cranial Nerve VIII (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Sensory

Cranial Nerve IX (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Both

Cranial Nerve X (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Both

Cranial Nerve XI (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Motor

Cranial Nerve XII (Sensory, Motor, Both)

Motor

Cranial Nerve I (Type, Function)

SVA: Smell

Cranial Nerve II (Type, Function)

SSA: Sight

Cranial Nerve III (Type, Function)

GVE: Constrict Pupil

GSE: AO3 (Levator Palpelrae Serperioris, Medial Rectus, Superior Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior Oblique)

Cranial Nerve IV (Type, Function)

GSE: SO4 (Superior Oblique)

Cranial Nerve V (Type, Function)

SVE: Mastication, Mylohyoid, Anterior Digastric, Tensor Timpani, Tensor Veli Palantini

GSA: Sensation in Face (Splits into 1/3s), Cornea, Anterior 2/3 of Tongue

Cranial Nerve VI (Type, Function)

GSE: LR6 (Lateral Rectus)

Cranial Nerve VII (Type, Function)

SVE: Facial Expression (Posterior Digastric, Stylohyoid, Stapedius)

SVA: Taste in Anterior 2/3 of Tongue

GSA: Skin by EAM

GVE: Increase Salivation, Tear Production

Cranial Nerve VIII (Type, Function)

SSA: Hearing and Balance (Static, Dynamic)

Cranial Nerve IX (Type, Function)

SVE: Stylopharyngeus

SVA: Taste in Posterior 1/3 of Tongue

GSA: Sensation in Ear, Throat, and Posterior 1/3 of Tongue

GVE: Increase Salivation (Parotid)

GVA: Blood Pressure (Carotid Sinus), Carotid Body (Chemicals)

Cranial Nerve X (Type, Function)

SVE: Larynx, Pharynx

SVA: Taste to Back of Tongue

GSA: Ear and Internal Skull

GVE: Decrease HR and Respiration, Increase GI Motility

GVA: Sensation in Organs

Cranial Nerve XI (Type, Function)

SVE: ?

GSE: Trapezius, SCM

There is debate on which

Cranial Nerve XII (Type, Function)

GSE: Intrinsic, Extrinsic Tongue Muscles

General Somatic Afferent (GSA)

FACIAL SENSATION

Carries sensory information of pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, and joints; fibers originate from somatic structures.

General Visceral Afferent (GVA)

VESSELS AND ORGANS

Transmits sensory information like stretch and chemical changes from internal organs (viscera), glands, and blood vessels; fibers originate from visceral structures.

Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)

SENSES YOU CAN CONTROL

Carries the special senses of vision, hearing, and balance; fibers originate from the retina and inner ear.

Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)

SENSES YOU CAN'T CONTROL

Conveys the special senses of taste and smell; fibers originate from taste buds and the olfactory mucosa.

General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

MUSCLES

Provides motor innervation to skeletal muscles derived from somites, like the tongue and extrinsic eye muscles; fibers originate from motor nuclei in the brainstem.

General Visceral Efferent (GVE)

PARASYMPATHETICS

Provides parasympathetic motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; these autonomic fibers originate from motor nuclei in the brainstem.

Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)

PHARYNGEAL ARCHES

Innervates skeletal muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches, such as muscles of mastication and facial expression; fibers originate from motor nuclei in the brainstem.

Cranial Nerve I (Origin)

Nasal Cavity

Cranial Nerve II (Origin)

Retina of Eye

Cranial Nerve III (Origin, Pathway)

1. oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain

2. fibers go through the red nucleus then substantia nigra

3. pass between the posterior cerebral artery (superior) and the superior cerebellar artery (inferior).

4. enters the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus (above trochlear)

5. enters orbit through superior orbital fissure before splitting

Cranial Nerve IV (Origin, Pathway)

1. trochlear nucleus in midbrain at the level of inferior colliculus

2. the fibers head posteriorly, crossing, and wrap around the inferior colliculus

3. the fibers head anteriorly around the cerebellar peduncle

4. pass between the posterior cerebral artery (superior) and the superior cerebellar artery (inferior)

5. enters the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus (between oculomotor and ophthalmic)

6. enters orbit through superior orbital fissure, then goes up to innervate the superior oblique

Cranial Nerve V (Origin)

Mesencephalic Nucleus (Midbrain)

-proprioception from jaw, teeth

Principal Sensory Nucleus (Pons)

-touch, proprioception from head

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus (Medulla, Cervical)

-pain, temperature

Motor Nucleus (Pons)

-motor to muscles of chewing, others

Cranial Nerve V1 (Pathway)

1. comes from the trigeminal ganglion

2. enters the cavernous sinus, divides into NFL before exiting

3. branches enter the orbit through superior orbital fissure

4. lacrimal nerve rides along the upper border of lateral rectus, receives parasympathetic fibers from the zygomatic nerve

5. frontal nerve (largest branch) goes forward between the levator palpebrae superioris and periosteum, divides

6. nasocillary nerve runs obliquely, beneath the superior rectus and superior oblique on the medial wall of oral cavity, communicates with cillary ganglion before dividing

Cranial Nerve V2 (Pathway)

1. comes from trigeminal ganglion

2. gives rise to the meningeal branch before leaving the skull through foramen rotundum

3. passes through pterygopalatine fossa, communicating with pterygopalatine ganglion before sending a courier, the zygomatic nerve, to deliver them to the lacrimal nerve of CNV1 before splitting itself.

4. the pterygopalatine ganglion receives parasympathetic, sympathetic fibers from the greater petrosal and deep petrosal nerves

5. the pterygopalatine ganglion gives rise to the nasopalatine nerve, which passes through the incisive fossa. as well as the greater and lesser palatine nerves, which pass through the greater palatine canal. the pharyngeal nerve comes from it passing through the palatovaginal canal

6. gives rise to the superior alveolar nerves, which enter the alveolar canals of the maxilla

7. enters orbit through superior orbital fissure

8. becomes continues with infraorbital nerve, going through inferior orbital fissure, infraorbital groove, and finally the infraorbital foramen

9. terminates by dividing into superior palpabrae, external nasal, and superior labial

Cranial Nerve V3 (Pathway)

1. comes from trigeminal ganglion, also receives fibers from motor nucleus

2. goes through the foramen ovale, communicates with otic ganglion, then divides into an anterior and posterior division

3. the trunk gives rise to nervus spinosus, nerve to medial pterygoid which splits into nerve to tensor tympani, nerve to tensor veli palatini

4. anterior division divides into deep temporal, buccal, nerve to lateral pterygoid, maseteric nerve

5. posterior division divides into three branches

6. first, lingual which wraps around the submandibular duct before splitting into terminal branches, it also communicates with submandibular ganglion.

7. the second branch is the inferior alveolar nerve, which going into the mandibular foramen and terminates as the incisive branch, and mental nerve which passes through the mental foramen.

8. from the inferior alveolar nerve comes the nerve to mylohyoid which innervates various muscles

9. the third branch is the auriculotemporal nerve, it has two branches that encircle the medial meningeal artery before combining. from their it goes dorsally, medial to the neck of the mandible, before turning upward, entering the temple.

Cranial Nerve VI (Origin, Pathway)

1. abducent nucleus in pons

2. fibers from facial motor nucleus "lasso" the abducent nucleus, forming the facial coliculus

3. the abducent nerve passes by the basilar artery and anterior inferior cerebellar artery

4. fibers head anteriorly over the ridge of the petrous part of temporal bone

5. fibers enter the dorello's canal, then through the cavernous sinus inferolateral to the internal carotid artery

6. enters the orbit through superior orbital fissure, goes to innervate lateral rectus

Cranial Nerve VII (Origin)

1. (branchiomotor component) motor nucleus of facial nerve in pons. SVE fibers, wrap around the abducent nucleus forming facial colliculus then head anteriorly.

2. enters internal auditory meatus, then facial canal

3. here is crosses the geniculate ganglion, then gives rise to the nerve to stapedius

4. comes out of the stylomastoid foramen

5. from here it has a **** ton of branches that innervate muscles of facial expression and others

1. from the superior salivatory nucleus in pons, spinal nucleus of trigeminal in medulla, and nucleus solitarius in medulla forms the nervous intermedius of wrisberg

2. GVE fibers go to IAM, first forming greater petrosal nerve, which goes through greater petrosal foramen. the greater petrosal nerve unites with the deep petrosal nerve (comes from internal carotid artery) to form the vidian nerve. this eventually arrives at the pterygopalatine ganglion.

3. the other group of GVE fibers become the chorda tympani, which exits through petrotympanic fissure. it joins the lingual nerve and eventually the submandibular ganglion.

4. the GSA fibers go to a small area on the EAM. the cell bodies of these fibers are located in the geniculate ganglion.

5. the SVA fibers join the lingual nerve from the tongue, then chorda tympani nerve, running with the nervous intermedius to the nucleus solitarius (aka gustatory nucleus). the cell bodies of these fibers are also located in the geniculate ganglion.

Cranial Nerve VIII (Origin)

vestibular component arises from vestibular nuclei complex in the pons and medulla of brainstem (junction)

cochlear component arises from the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei, situated within the medulla

Cranial Nerve IX (Origin)

1. it has four nuclei all located in medulla. nucleus ambiguus, inferior salivatory nucleus, solitary nucleus, and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve

2. the glossopharyngeal nerve exits the medulla between the olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle. it then passes through the jugular foramen

3. it has two ganglion, superior ganglion and inferior ganglion.

4. SVE fibers come from nucleus ambiguus, and go to innervate the stylopharyngeus muscle

5. GVE fibers from from the inferior salivatory nucleus. they leave at the level of the inferior ganglion as the tympanic nerve. from here it forms the tympanic plexus in the ear, before leaving as the lesser petrosal nerve. it then synapses at the otic ganglion, before riding the auriculotemporal nerve to the parotid gland.

6. GVA fibers come from carotid sinus, before joining the nerve and synapsing at the solitary nucleus. the cell bodies are located in the inferior ganglion

7. SVA fibers come from the tongue, before joining the nerve and synapsing at the solitary nucleus. the cell bodies are located in the inferior ganglion

8. GSA fibers come from a variety of locations like the throat, ear and synapse at the spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve. the cell bodies are located in the superior ganglion

Cranial Nerve X (Origin)

1. comes from the lateral aspect of medulla between the olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle. it has four nuclei: nucleus ambiguus (motor), dorsal nucleus of vagus, nucleus solitarius, and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve.

2. exits via jugular foramen

3. has two ganglion, a superior ganglion and inferior ganglion

4. the meningeal branch (which goes to dura mater) and the auricular branch (which goes to EAM come from the superior ganglion.

5. the pharyngeal branch come from the inferior ganglion, and becomes the pharyngeal plexus to supply ALL muscles of the pharynx and soft palate besides stylopharyngeus and tensor veli palatini

6. the superior laryngeal nerve comes from the inferior ganglion, and becomes internal and external laryngeal nerves

7. the superior cardiac branch comes from the upper part of the neck, and the inferior cardiac branch comes from the lower part of the neck to innervate the heart.

8. the recurrent laryngeal nerves loop underneath the subclavian artery to supply sensory, motor to the larynx

Cranial Nerve XI (Origin)

1. spinal root comes from the spinal accessory nucleus located in the anterior horn of spinal cord (C1-C5)

2. axons immerge from the lateral portion of spinal cord between roots, then acsend through vertebral canal into foramen magnum

3. cranial root comes from the nucleus ambiguus, axons immerge posterior to the olive

4. fibers unite and leave the skull via jugular foramen

5. the cranial root joins the vagus nerve

6. the spinal root continues alone to innervate the SCM and trapezius. it is regarded as the spinal accessory nerve

Cranial Nerve XII (Origin)

1. comes from hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla

2. comes from the ventral aspect of medulla between the pyramid and olive at the level of vertebral artery

3. exits the cranial cavity via hypoglossal canal

4. the nerve crosses in front of the internal and external carotid artery, takes a similar path as the lingual artery, and meets the hyoglossus

5. divides into branch to hyoglossus, branch to styloglossus, and branch to genioglossus. it also innervates all intrinsic muscles of tongue

6. it picks up C1 nerves and delivers them to the geniohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles, some of these C1 nerves go up through the hypoglossal canal via a meningeal branch and innervate the dura mater

7. as the hypoglossal nerve crosses the internal and external branches of the carotid, it gives rise to the superior branch of ansa cervicalis

Cranial Nerve VII (Branches)

MOTOR

-Posterior Auricular Nerve

-Auricular Branch - posterior auricular muscle

-Occipital Branch - occipitalis

FROM WITHIN PAROTID GLAND

-Temporal - frontalis, orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercilii.

-Zygomatic - orbicularis oculi.

-Buccal - orbicularis oris, buccinator and zygomaticus.

-Marginal Mandibular - depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris and mentalis.

-Cervical - platysma.

-Nerve to Stapedius

-Nerve to (Posterior) Digastric

-Nerve to Stylohyoid

SENSORY

-Posterior Auricular Nerve (Ear)

-Chorda Tympani (Taste)

PARASYMPATHETIC

-Greater Petrosal Nerve

-Chorda Tympani

Cranial Nerve III (Ganglion)

Ciliary Ganglion

-pupil constriction

-bulging of lens

Cranial Nerve VII (Ganglion)

Pterygopalatine Ganglion

-tear production via lacrimal glands

-nasal glands

Submandibular Ganglion

-salivation via sublingual, submandibular glands

Cranial Nerve IX (Ganglion)

Otic Ganglion

-salivation via parotid gland

Cranial Nerve X (Ganglion)

Ganglia by Target Organ

-supplies the organs of head, thorax, and abdomen

-includes the proximal 1/2 of large intestine (down to the level of the left (splenic) flexure

Cranial Nerve V1 (Branches)

Nasociliary

-communicates with ciliary ganglion, then gives rise to long ciliary nerves containing sympathetic fibers to dilator pupillae

-then gives rise to posterior ethmoidal, and anterior ethmoidal nerves (sensory of nasal cavity)

-terminates as the infratrochlear nerve (sensory of lacrimal gland, upper eyelid, and conjunctiva)

Frontal (Largest)

-Supraorbital

-Supratrochlear

-(sensory of forehead, upper eyelid, and conjunctiva)

Lacrimal

-receives branch from zygomatic nerve of CNV2 containing parasympethic fibers to lacrimal gland (also sensory of lacrimal gland, upper eyelid, and conjunctiva)

Cranial Nerve V2 (Branches)

meningeal branch (supplies dura)

from the pterygopalatine Ganglion (communicates with maxillary)

-nasopalatine

-lesser Palatine

-greater Palatine

-pharyngeal

-RECIEVES PARASYMPATHETIC (GREATER PETROSAL)

-RECIEVES SYMPATHETIC (DEEP PETROSAL)

zygomatic (communicates with lacrimal)

infraorbital

superior alveolar

-posterior

-middle

-anterior

Cranial Nerve V3 (Branches)

Trunk

-Nervus Spinosus (Dura Mater)

-Medial Pterygoid (Medial Pterygoid, Tensor Tympani, Tensor Veli Palatini)

Anterior Division

-Deep Temporal Nerves (Temporalis)

-Buccal (Cheek)

-Lateral Pterygoid (Lateral Pterygoid

-Maseteric (Masseter)

Posterior Division

-Lingual (Tongue, carries parasympathetic fibers to sublingual and submandibular glands from submandibular ganglion)

-Auriculotemporal Nerve (carries parasympathetic fibers to parotid from otic ganglion)

-Auricular Branches

-Superficial Temporal Branches

-Inferior Alveolar Nerve (Posterior, Middle, Anterior)

-Mental Nerve

-Incisive Branch

-Nerve to Mylohyoid (Mylohyoid, Anterior Belly of Digastric)

Cranial Nerve IX (Branches)

Parasympathetic

-Tympanic Nerve -> Tympanic Plexus -> Lesser Petrosal Nerve -> Otic Ganglion

Motor

-Nerve to Stylopharyngeus

Sensory

-Pharyngeal Branch (Throat)

-Tonsillar Branch

-Lingual Branch (Taste)

-Tympanic (Ear)

-Carotid Sinus Branch (Blood Pressure)

Cranial Nerve III (Branches)

Superior Division (smaller)

-Branch to Superior Rectus

-Branch to Levator Palpebrae Superioris

Inferior Division (larger)

-Branch to Medial Rectus

-Branch to Inferior Rectus

-Branch to Inferior Oblique

-parasympathetic fibers from Edinger-Westphal nucleus follow the branch to inferior oblique. they then deviate, going to the ciliary ganglion located behind the eye

-short ciliary nerves come from ciliary ganglion, traveling to the sphincter pupillae

Cranial Nerve X (Branches)

Inferior Ganglion

-Meningeal Branch (sensory)

-Auricular Branch (GSA)

Superior Ganglion

-Pharyngeal Branch -> Pharyngeal Plexus (SVE)

-Superior Laryngeal Nerve

-Internal Laryngeal (SVA)

-External Laryngeal (SVE)

Superior Cardiac Branch (GVE)

Inferior Cardiac Branch (GVE)

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (mixed)

Cranial Nerve XII (Branches)

Nerve to

-Hyoglossus

-Genioglossus

-Styloglossus

-Intrinsic Tongue

C1 Branches to

-Geniohyoid

-Thyrohyoid

-Meningeal

Superior Root of Ansa Cervicalis

Pupil Muscles (Parasympathetic Pathway)

1. Oculomotor Nerve Ganglion

2. Oculomotor Nerve

3. Ciliary Ganglion

4. Short Ciliary Nerves

5. Sphincter Pupillae

Constrict Pupil

Pupil Muscles (Sympathetic Pathway)

1. Intermediolateral Nucleus

2. Sympathetic Chain

3. Superior Cervical Ganglion

4. Internal Carotid Plexus -> Nasociliary Nerve -> Long Ciliary Nerves

5. Dilator Pupillae

Dilate Pupil

Lacrimal Gland (Parasympathetic Pathway)

1. Facial Nerve

2. Greater Petrosal Nerve

3. Pterygopalatine Ganglion

4. Zygomatic Nerve, CNV2 -> Lacrimal Nerve CNV1

5. Lacrimal Gland

Increase Tears

Lacrimal Gland (Sympathetic Pathway)

1. Intermediolateral Nucleus

2. Sympathetic Chain

3. Superior Cervical Ganglion

4. Internal Carotid Plexus -> Deep Petrosal Nerve

5. Lacrimal Gland

Decrease Tears

Parotid Gland (Parasympathetic Pathway)

1. Glossopharyngeal Nerve)

2. Lesser Petrosal Nerve

3. Otic Ganglion

4. Auriculotemporal Nerve

5. Parotid Gland

Increase Saliva

Parotid Gland (Sympathetic Pathway)

1. Intermediolateral Nucleus

2. Sympathetic Chain

3. Superior Cervical Ganglion

4. External Carotid Plexus

5. Parotid Gland

Decrease Saliva

Submandibular, Sublingual Glands (Parasympathetic Pathway)

1. Facial Nerve

2. Chorda Tympani -> Lingual Nerve

3. Submandibular Ganglion

4. Lingual Arteries

5. Submandibular, Sublingual Glands

Increase Saliva

Submandibular, Sublingual Glands (Sympathetic)

1. Intermediolateral Nucleus

2. Sympathetic Chain

3. Superior Cervical Ganglion

4. External Carotid -> Lingual Artery

5. Submandibular, Sublingual Glands