Endocrine Practice Questions

What hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus?

CRH, GnRH, GHRH, GHIH, TRH, PRH, and dopamine

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

oxytocin and ADH/vasopressin

ADH is involved in

none of the above

T or F: Posterior pituitary is composed of neural tissue

True

Example of a peptide hormone

oxytocin

Example of a steroid hormone

estrogen (-ones)

What is the cause of diabetes insipidus

lack of ADH production or response

Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuresis is characterized by:

water retention, overhydration of cells, elevated or normal ADH in presence of low plasma osmolality

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary

GH, PRL, TSH, FSH, ACTH, LH

What is prolactin?

a peptide hormone that helps with mammary gland development and milk formation, acts on alveolar epithelial cells that is inhibited by dopamine

What does growth hormone do?

Increases amino acid uptake, Decreases glucose uptake, Decreases fat synthesis

T or F: growth hormone is NOT affected by age or time of day

False (rate of release decreases with age)

What does excess growth hormone cause?

gigantism, acromegaly, dermatosis, dermatitis

T or F: IGF-1 has a similar structure to insulin

true

T or F: IGF-1 has a similar function to insulin

false

What does BST do?

increases milk yield, increases IGF-1 levels in milk

Peptide/protein hormones

utilize second messenger systems, receptors located in cell membrane, faster onset of action than steroid and thyroid hormones

Hormone signaling

uses negative feedback to maintain homeostasis

List three signs of diabetes mellitus

polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia

Secretion product of alpha cells

glucagon

secretion product of beta cells

insulin

secretion of delta cells

somatostatin

How is insulin synthesized

pre-proinsulin in the ER→ proinsulin in golgi apparatus→ mature insulin in secretory vesicles

how is insulin released

secreted from beta cells in pancreas in response to parasympathetic activity (food)

After short-term fasting, what hormone is released from the pancreas

glucagon

After short-term fasting, what pathway predominates in the liver

glycogenolysis

After feeding, what hormones are released from the pancreas and intestine

insulin, amylin (pancreas) GLP-1 (intestine)

After feeding, what pathways are active

glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis

how do animals keep the homeostasis of the blood glucose levels

negative feedback loop controlled by pancreas with insulin and glucagon

when blood glucose levels fall, what hormones are released from the pancreas

Glucagon is released from the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels. Insulin is also secreted in response to higher blood glucose levels.

When blood glucose levels fall what pathways are active

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketogenesis, proteolysis

when blood glucose levels go up what hormones are released from the pancreas and intestine

insulin, somatostatin, GLP-1

when blood glucose levels go up what pathways are activated

glycogenesis, glycolysis

in type 1 diabetic patients, what pathways are activated

glycogenesis, protein synthesis, lipogenesis

the action of insulin is initiated by what kind of receptor

tyrosine kinase

what are the 2 major kinds of diabetes in dogs and cats

type 1 and type 2

what are the 2 major defects of type 2 diabetes mellitus

insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency

what is the function of GLP-1

stimulates insulin response from beta cells in glucose dependent manner

physiology of DKA

hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidemia

adrenal medulla

neuroendocrine extension of the sympathetic nervous system

adrenal medulla makes

Epi and NE

how does it make/store Epi/NE

tyrosine→ L-DOPA→ dopamine→ NE→ Epi moving between cytosol and vesicles

what releases Epi and NE

ACh→ depolarization→ Ca2+→ exocytosis

what to epi and NE accomplish

rapid redistribution of cardiovasular, respiratory, and metabolic resources during acute stress

what happens when system goes wrong

pheochromocytoma→ excessive catecholamine signaling

where are glucocorticoids produced

zona fasciculata

purpose of mineralcorticoids

influence fluid and electrolyte balance

what reduces aldosterone synthesis

ANP

what induces aldosterone synthesis

renin