Parasite Lecture Exam 2

What are the general characteristics for Trematodes?

Inhibit intestine

Cup-shaped muscular suckers

Simple digestive system

No anal opening & waste are regurgitated

What are the two types of flukes (Trematodes)?

Organ flukes & Blood flukes

Common name for Fasciolopsis buski

Large intestinal fluke

What is the disease name for Fasciolopsis buski?

Fasciolopsiasia

How do you transmit Fasciolopsis buski?

Humans eat metacercaria from uncooked water plants

What is the infective stage of Fasciolopsis buski?

Human ingests metacercariae

What is the diagnostic stage of Fasciolopsis buski?

Eggs in feces

What are the symptoms of Fasciolopsis buski?

Bowel mucosal ulcers, Hemorrhage, Diarrhea, Obstruction & malabsorption, Eosinophilia &

Death (heavy infections)

What is the intermediate host of Fasciolopsis buski?

Snail

What is the disease name of Fasciola heptica?

Sheep liver rot

What is the common name for Fasciola heptica?

Sheep liver fluke

Where is Fasciola heptica located?

Sheep & cattle raising countries

How do you transfer Fasciola heptica?

Human eats metacercariae from uncooked water plants

What is the infective stage of Fasciola heptica?

Human ingests metacercariae

What is the diagnostic stage of Fasciola heptica?

Eggs in feces

What are the symptoms of Fasciola heptica?

Mechanical irritation & obstruction, and local irritation

Heavy Infections: Portal cirrhosis

Severe Infections: Jaundice, Bile duct obstruction, Diarrhea, & Anemia

What is the intermediate host of Fasciola heptica?

Snail

What is the disease name of Clonorchis sinensis?

Clonorchiasis

What is the common name of Clonorchis sinensis?

Chinese liver fluke

Where is Clonorchis sinensis located?

China (Far East)

How do you transfer Clonorchis sinensis?

Human eats undercooked fish containing metacercariae

What is the infective stage of Clonorchis sinensis?

Metacercariae in fish are ingested by human

What is the diagnostic stage of Clonorchis sinensis?

Eggs in feces

What are the symptoms of Clonorchis sinensis?

Light infections: Asymptomatic, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, & Anorexia

Chronic Infections: Hepatic complications, Pancreatitis, & Bile duct stones

What are the intermediate hosts of Clonorchis sinensis?

Snail (1st) & Freshwater fish (2nd)

What is the disease name for Heterophyes heterophyes?

Heterophyiasis

What is the common name of Heterophyes heterophyes?

Human intestinal fluke

How do you transfer Heterophyes heterophyes?

Human eats undercooked fish containing metacercariae

Where is Heterophyes heterophyes located?

Near East, Far East, & parts of Africa

What is the infective stage of Heterophyes heterophyes?

Metacercariae in fish are ingested by human

What is the diagnostic stage of Heterophyes heterophyes?

Eggs in feces

What are the symptoms for Heterophyes heterophyes?

Light Infection: Asymptomatic

Heavy Infection: Chronic mucoid diarrhea & abdominal pain

Eggs can travel to the brain or heart (granulomas)

What are the intermediate hosts of Heterophyes heterophyes?

Snail (1st) & Freshwater fish (2nd)

What is the disease name for Metagonimus yokogawai?

Metagonimiasis

What is the common name for Metagonimus yokogawai?

Human intestinal fluke

Where is Metagonimus yokogawai located?

Asia & Siberia

How do you transfer Metagonimus yokogawai?

Human eats undercooked fish containing metacercariae

What is the infective stage of Metagonimus yokogawai?

Metacercariae in fish are ingested by human

What is the diagnostic stage for Metagonimus yokogawai?

Eggs in feces

What are the symptoms of Metagonimus yokogawai?

Light infection: Asymptomatic

Heavy Infection: Chronic mucoid diarrhea & abdominal pain

Eggs can travel to the heart or brain (granulomas)

What are the intermediate hosts of Metagonimus yokogawai?

Snail (1st) & Freshwater fish (2nd)

What is the disease name for Paragonimus westermani?

Paragonimiasis

What is the common name for Paragonimus westermani?

Oriental lung fluke

Where is Paragonimus westermani located?

Far East, parts of Africa, & parts of South America

How do you transfer Paragonimus westermani?

Human eats metacercariae from undercooked crabs or crayfish

What is the diagnostic stage for Paragonimus westermani?

Eggs in sputum or feces (rusty sputum)

What are the symptoms of Paragonimus westermani?

Chronic chest pain, Rusty sputum, Lung infiltration, Nodules & abscesses, & Chest radiograph may resemble Tb

What are the intermediate hosts of Paragonimus westermani?

Snail (1st) & Crabs or crayfish (2nd)

What is the disease name for Schistosoma mansoni?

Schistosomiasis or Swamp fever

Where is Schistosoma mansoni located?

Africa, South America, Central America, Caribbean, Puerto Rico, & West Indies

How do you transfer Schistosoma mansoni?

Cercaria penetrates skin, leaves tail behind, & becomes a schistosomule

What is the infective stage of Schistosoma mansoni?

Free-swimming cercariae released from snail into water

What is the diagnostic stage of Schistosoma mansoni?

Developed eggs in feces found via rectal biopsy

What are the symptoms of Schistosoma mansoni?

Acute phase: Fever, Cough, Myalgias, Malaise, & Hepatosplenomegaly

Endemic areas: Dermatitis

Granulomas: Liver cirrhosis, Bloody diarrhea, & Bowel obstruction

Chronic: Nephrotic syndrome

What is the intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni?

Snail (doesn’t need a 2nd intermediate host)

Where do the adult Schistosoma mansoni live?

Liver sinuses blood vessels & intestine veins

What is the disease name for Schistosoma japonicum?

Schistosomiasis or Swamp fever

Where is Schistosoma japonicum located?

Far East

How do you transfer Schistosoma japonicum?

Cercaria penetrates skin, leaves tail behind, & becomes a schistosomule

What is the infective stage for Schistosoma japonicum?

Free-swimming cercariae released from snail into water

What is the diagnostic stage for Schistosoma japonicum?

Developed eggs in feces found via rectal biopsy

What are the symptoms of Schistosoma japonicum?

Acute phase: Fever, Cough, Myalgias, Malaise, & Hepatosplenomegaly

Endemic areas: Dermatitis

Granulomas: Liver cirrhosis, Bloody diarrhea, & Bowel obstruction

Chronic: Nephrotic syndrome

What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum?

Snail (doesn’t need a 2nd intermediate host)

What infection is associated with Schistosoma japonicum?

Salmonella

What is the disease name of Schistosoma haematobium?

Schistosomiasis or Swamp fever

Where is Schistosoma haematobium located?

Africa & Middle East

How do you transfer Schistosoma haematobium?

Cercaria penetrates skin, leaves tail behind, & becomes a schistosomule

What is the infective stage of Schistosoma haematobium?

Free-swimming cercariae released from snail into water

What is the diagnostic stage of Schistosoma haematobium?

Developed eggs in urine

What are the symptoms of Schistosoma haematobium?

Acute phase: Fever, Cough, Myalgias, Malaise, & Heptatosplenomegaly

Endemic areas: Dermatitis

Chronic: Bladder cancer

What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium?

Snail (doesn’t need a 2nd intermediate host)

What are the general characteristics of amoebas?

Worldwide distribution

Nucleus structure is unique to genus

Trophozoites commonly live in lower GI tract

Cyst stage is infective for humans

What is the disease name for Entamoeba histolytica?

Amebiasis or Amebic hepatitis

Where is Entamoeba histolytica located?

Worldwide

How do you transfer Entamoeba histolytica?

Human ingests infective cysts transmitted by feces, fingers, food, formites, & flies

What is unique about the Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite?

It contains ingested red blood cells (erythrocytes)

What are the symptoms for Entamoeba histolytica?

Asymptomatic, Abdominal discomfort, Malaise, Diarrhea, & Fever

Acute Illness: Flask shaped lesions in intestinal mucosa

Rare Cases: Enlarged liver, Fever/chills, & Leukocytosis in amebic hepatitis

How should Entamoeba histolytica be examined?

3 fresh stools via permanent stain & concentration technique

Is Entamoeba histolytica a pathogen?

Yes it is a major pathogen

Where is Entamoeba dispar located?

Worldwide

How do you transfer Entamoeba dispar?

Humans ingest infective cysts transmitted by feces, fingers, food, formites, & flies

What is the infective stage & diagnostic stage of Entamoeba dispar?

Cysts & trophozoites passed in feces

How do you differentiate Entamoeba dispar from Entamoeba histolytica?

Run a PCR diagnostic test

Is Entamoeba dispar a pathogen?

No

Where is Entamoeba hartmanni located?

Worldwide

How do you transfer Entamoeba hartmanni?

Human ingests infective cysts transmitted by feces, fingers, food, formites, & flies

What is the infective stage of Entamoeba hartmanni?

Mature cysts

What is the diagnostic stage of Entamoeba hartmanni?

Cysts & trophozoites found in feces

Is Entamoeba hartmanni a pathogen?

No

Where is Entamoeba coli located?

Worldwide

How do you transfer Entamoeba coli?

Humans ingest infective cysts transmitted by feces, fingers, food, formites, & flies

What is the infective stage of Entamoeba coli?

Mature cysts

What is the diagnostic stage of Entamoeba coli?

Cysts & trophozoites found in feces

Is Entamoeba coli a pathogen?

No

Where is Entamoeba polecki located?

Worldwide

How do you transfer Entamoeba polecki?

Humans ingest infective cysts transmitted by feces, fingers, food, formites, & flies

What is the infective stage of Entamoeba polecki?

Mature cysts

What is the diagnostic stage of Entamoeba polecki?

Uninucleated cysts or trophozoites passed in feces

Since Entamoeba polecki is zoonotic, where is it primarily found in?

Pigs & monkeys

Is Entamoeba polecki a pathogen?

No