ch16 medterm: endocrine system

Pituitary gland

pea sized gland located at the base of the brain

Anterior lobe

produces and secretes hormones (GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL)

Growth hormone (GH)

regulates growth of the body

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates the adrenal cortex

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

stimulates the thyroid gland

Gonadotropic hormones

stimulate the gonads, includes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in females

Prolactin (PRL)

promotes development of glandular tissue and milk production

Posterior lobe

stores and releases antiduretic hormone and oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water and constricts blood vessels to help maintain blood pressure

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown

Hypothalamus

secrete hormones that function to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones

Thyroid gland

largest endocrine gland

Parathyroid glands

produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), which maintains blood calcium levels

Islets of Langerhans

clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas

Adrenal glands

superior to each kidney, secretes cortisol, aldosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Cortisol

aids body during stress by increasing glucose levels to supply energy

Aldosterone

regulates electrolytes

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

help body deal with stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations

Adren/o

adrenal glands

Adrenal/o

adrenal glands

Cortic/o

cortex (outer layer of a body organ)

Endocrin/o

endocrine

Parathyroid/o

parathyroid glands

Pitutiar/o

pituitary glands

Thyroid/o

thyroid glands

Acr/o

extremities, height

Calc/i

calcium

Dips/o

thirst

Glyc/o

sugar

Kal/i

potassium

Natr/o

sodium

Eu-

normal, good

Hyper-

above, excessive

Hypo-

incomplete, below, under, deficient

Pan-

all, total

Poly-

much,many

Syn-

together, joined

-al

pertaining to

-drome

run, running

-ectomy

excision, surgical removal

-emia

in the blood

-ia

diseased state, condition of

-ism

state of

-itis

inflammation

-logist

One who studies and treats

-logy

study of

-megaly

enlargement

-oma

tumor, swelling

-pathy

disease

-plasia

condition of formation, development, growth

Acromegaly

enlargement of the extremities

Adrenalitis

inflammation of the adrenal glands

Adrenomegaly

enlargement of one or both of the adrenal glands

Endocrinopathy

any disease of the endocrine system

Hypercalcemia

excessive calcium in the blood

Hyperglycemia

excessive sugar in the blood

Hyperkalemia

excessive potassium in the blood

Hyperparathyroidism

state of excessive parathyroid gland activity

Hyperpitutarism

state of excessive pituitary gland activity

Hyperthyroidism

state of excessive thyroid gland activity

Hypocalcemia

deficient calcium in the blood

Hypoglycemia

deficient sugar in the blood

Hypokalemia

deficient potassium in the blood

hyponatremia

deficient sodium in the blood

Hypopituitarism

state of deficient pituitary gland activity

Hypothyroidism

state of deficient thyroid gland activity

Panhypopituitarism

state of total deficient pituitary gland activity

Parathyroidoma

Tumor of a parathyroid gland

Thyroiditis

inflammation of the thyroid gland

Addison disease

chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex

Congenital hypothyroidism

congenital absence or atrophy (wasting away) of the thyroid gland

Cushing syndrome

excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortices

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

decrease secretion of ADH by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

Gigantism

hypersecretion of growth hormone by pituitary gland before puberty

Graves disease

autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland (characterized by a hyperthyroidism and protrusion of the eyeballs)

Hashimoto thyroiditis

thyroid glands are destroyed by autoimmune processes

Ketoacidosis

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (accumulation of acid ketones in the absence of insulin)

Metabolic syndrome

group of signs and symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of HDL (the good cholesterol)

Myxedema

extreme deficiency in the thyroid hormone, thyroxine

neuroblastoma

malignant cancer composed of immature nerve cells, primarily in children

Obesity

excessive body fat

Phenochromocytoma

Tumor of the adrenal medulla

Thyrotoxicosis

excessive thyroid hormones

Adrenalectomy

excision of one or both adrenal glands

Parathyroidectomy

excision of one or more parathyroid glands

Thyroidectomy

excision of the thyroid gland

Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)

nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function

Sestamibi parathyroid scan

nuclear medicine procedure used to localize hyperactive parathyroid glands

Thyroid sonography

ultrasound test of the thyroid gland (used to determine benign or malignancy of a nodule)

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

blood test to determine the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for 8-10hr

Fine needle aspiration (FNA)

biopsy technique to obtain tiny amounts of tissue for pathologic examination

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

blood test used to diagnose diabetes and monitor treatment (measures the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin in the blood)

Thyroid stimulating hormone level (TSH)

blood test that measures the amount of thyroid stimulating hormone in the blood

Thyroxine level (T4)

blood test that gives the direct measurement of thyroxine in the patient’s blood

Adrenocorticohyperplasia

excessive development of the adrenal cortex

Euglycemia

normal level of sugar in the blood

Euthyroid

normal thyroid gland activity

Glycemia

sugar in the blood

Polydipsia

condition of much thirst