Grade 10 Biology Unit Test Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering key terms and concepts for Grade 10 Academic Biology, including cell theory, organelle functions, cell division, cancer treatments, specialized cells, and biological hierarchy.

Cell Theory

A foundational biological principle stating that all living things are made of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and all cells come from pre-existing cells when existing cells divide.

Centrioles

Organelles in animal cells that help organize structures involved in cell division.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like fluid that holds organelles and serves as the location where many chemical reactions occur.

Mitochondrion

An organelle that releases usable energy through cellular respiration.

Cell Membrane

A cellular structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Lysosome

An organelle whose enzymes break down waste and old cell parts.

Ribosomes

Cellular organelles responsible for making proteins.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, packages, and ships proteins and other materials.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle with attached ribosomes that helps make and transport proteins.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer found in plant cells that provides support, protection, and shape.

Chloroplast

An organelle in plant cells that uses sunlight to make glucose through photosynthesis.

Central Vacuole

A large organelle typically found in plant cells that stores water and other substances while helping keep the cell firm.

Nucleus

The organelle that contains DNA and controls cell activities.

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows, performs normal functions, copies its DNA, and prepares for division.

Mitosis

The process of cell division in which duplicated chromosomes separate and the nucleus divides so that each new nucleus receives a set of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis

The final stage of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm divides, producing two separate daughter cells.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane begins to break down, and spindle fibres form.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase

The stage of mitosis where new nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes, creating two nuclei.

Total Microscope Magnification

The overall magnification of a microscope calculated as $\text{eyepiece magnification} \times \text{objective magnification}$.

Drawing Magnification

The calculated scale of a scientific diagram found by $\text{drawing size} \div \text{actual size}$, using the same units for both measurements.

Cancer

A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably, potentially forming a tumour, invading nearby tissues, or spreading to other parts of the body.

Chemotherapy

A cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them dividing.

Radiation Therapy

A medical treatment that uses high-energy radiation to damage cancer cells.

Immunotherapy

A type of cancer treatment that helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.

Targeted Therapy

A cancer treatment that uses medicines aimed at particular features of cancer cells.

Red Blood Cells

Specialized cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to body tissues using haemoglobin.

White Blood Cells

Blood cells that protect the body against pathogens and infections.

Platelets

Blood components that help blood clot and stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.

Adipocytes (Fat Cells)

Specialized cells that store energy, insulate the body, and cushion organs.

Neurons (Nerve Cells)

Cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals through the nervous system.

Stem Cells

Unspecialized cells that can make more stem cells and, under the right conditions, develop into specialized cell types.

Addison’s Disease

An endocrine system disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, particularly cortisol and sometimes aldosterone.

Tissue

A level in the biological hierarchy consisting of similar cells working together to perform a function.

Organ

A structure composed of different tissues working together to carry out a specific job.

Organ System

A biological level comprised of different organs working together to perform complex body functions.

Organism

The complete living individual representing the highest level of animal structural hierarchy.