AP HUG UNIT 4 VOCAB

Unit 4 Terminology quiz 12/9/25 & Unit 4 Test 12/16/25!

State

an area organized into a political unit with a permanent population (in ap hug, you can catorigize a state as a country and a province as a state which is how I personally would view it.)

Sovereignty

a state’s full authority to govern itself without outside control.

Nation

group of people sharing same traits

Nation-State

a state whose population is largely made up of one nation. ex: china with the same slanted eyes and mostly the same traits (where the people are quite ethnically homogoneous)

Multinational State

a state that contains more than one nation within its borders.

Autonomous Region

a region within a state that has SOME political or cultural self-rule.

Stateless Nation

a nation without a state of its own. for exmaple the KURDS, they are a nation found in a specific part of the middle east but nobody govern them, they are js a nation wihtout a government, js a group of people sharing the same traits)

Multistate Nation

a nation spread across more than one state. ex: da kurds again cuz they are spread out through many states as a singular nation!

Nationalism

loyalty and devotion to one’s nation.

Colonialism

the practice of one country establishing settlements and control over another area.

Self-determination

the right of a nation to choose its own political status. the kurds want to govern themselves rather than being governed by other states.

Decolonization

the process of colonies gaining independence from colonizing powers.

Cold War

a period of political tension and competition between the US and the Soviet Union without direct warfare.

Satellite States

states that are formally independent but heavily influenced or controlled by another country. Ex: Us and mexico when us economy go down mexico feels a shift as they rely on america for goods and trade

Devolution

central government giving power to regional governments. exmaple: The UK giving power to Scotland and Wales for their own parliaments.

Territoriality

the connection people feel to land and the desire to control it.

Neocolonialism

indirect control over developing countries through economic or political pressure. ex: for exmaple, because of USMCA, any shift in US economics can indirectly affect Mexican Industries as they seem to rely on US markets a lil too much

Physical boundaries

borders based on natural features like mountains or rivers. EX: spain and france pyrenees mountains boundary!

Cultural boundaries

borders based on human traits such as language or religion. exmaple: partition.

Antecedent boundaries

borders established before the area was heavily populated. for exmaple the us canada border was drawn before much settlement took place around the area which is great!

Subsequent boundaries

borders drawn after an area is settled and shaped by cultural landscapes.

Superimposed boundary

a boundary imposed by outside powers without regard to local cultures.

Landlocked state

a state with no direct access to the ocean.

Relic boundary

a former boundary that no longer functions but still affects the landscape.

Geometric boundary

a boundary drawn as straight lines or arcs. (affected by latitude and longitude lines)

Consequent boundary

a boundary drawn to match cultural differences. ex; radclfe lines were made depedning on populations of a certain reliigon or dominant culture!

Open boundary

a boundary that allows free movement across it.

Defined boundary

a boundary described legally or through documents. (for exmaple a boundary that is agreed upon by two nations due to documents like treaties) (for exmaple us and canada have both agreed to have a boundary on the 49th parallel.)

Demarcated boundary

a boundary marked on the landscape with physical signs.

Irredentism

the desire to unite people of the same nation who are separated by borders. ex: the jews wanting palestine land because it is “rightfully theirs”

Exclave

a part of a state GEOGRAPHICALLY separated from the main territory. ex: alaska and hawaii are not physically attached to the main body of the US

Shatterbelt

trapped region between powerful countries!

Political Enclave

a territory completely surrounded by another state.ex: lesotho a nation inside south africa we only consider it ONE nation like bhutan wouldntbe one js because its landlocked)

Law of the Sea

international rules that determine rights over the oceans.

EEZ

an area up to 200 nautical miles from a state’s coast where it has economic rights. EXCLISIVE ECONOMIC ZONE!!

High Seas

ocean areas not under any state’s jurisdiction.

Electorate

the group of eligible voters in a state. ex: in the us anyone over 18+

Census

an official population count used for political and demographic data. every 10 years is good

Gerrymandering

manipulating district boundaries to favor a political group. ex: like 5 districts A got 40 and B got 60 meaning B got 3 distraict but A got 2 districts, what a can do is just do sm manipulating stuff to win one more district because at the end of the day, the people don’t matter, the amount of districts you win matters the most.

Federal state

a state where power is shared between central and regional governments. The US for example shares power with the states so it aint a dictatorship unlike nk.

Unitary state

a state where most political power is held by the central government.

Annexation

the addition of territory into an existing state. literally euphemism for taking over land.

Terrorism

the use of violence to create fear for political purposes.

Subnationalism

loyalty to a region or group within a state rather than to the whole state. ex: kurds again bru

Balkanization

the fragmentation of a state into smaller

Globalization

the increasing interconnectedness of countries through trade. the want of wanting to be connected to the world technically through idea sharing and trade.

Supranationalism

multiple countries working together for shared goals.

United Nations

a global organization that promotes international cooperation and peace.

NATO

a military alliance focused on mutual defense. (an attack on ONE is an attack on ALL!) (nato differs as in only select nations are in here while the UN has all the nations, they both want world peace tbf) NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION!

EU

a political and economic union of European countries. (done for econimic good where they all mutually support each other for the benefit of one another, this is NOT a military treaty like NATO)

USMCA

a trade agreement between the US, Canada, and Mexico to benefit all of them ecnomically AND poltically! kinda of like the EU but EU also tocuhes upon more poltical aspects of things more.

African Union

a continental organization promoting unity and development in Africa. (Literally like EU and usmca)

WTO

an organization that regulates international trade. (world trade organization)

OPEC

an organization of oil-producing countries coordinating production and policies. (so bigger countries like the us and europe dont get too op by controlling oil supplies)

Transnational Corp

a company with operations in multiple countries.

Regionalism

loyalty or political focus on a particular region of a state or world area. EX: Catalans feel more loyal to Catalonia instead of Spain

Ethnonationalism

nationalism based on shared ethnicity and want their OWN NATION. ofc the kurds again they love their culture and identity but do NOT have their own autonomous rule.

Anocracy

a political system that mixes democratic and autocratic features. mix of one ruler rule and all people rule… russia is a good exmpale as it holds elections but freedom of speech is limited so thats great

Autocracy

a system where ONE PERSON holds UNLIMITED political power.

City-state

a sovereign state consisting of a city and its surrounding land. BEST EXMAPLE is Vatican city having the authority to govern itself as a city! Same goes for Singapore, it have its own government and functions itself, but it is small enough to be considered a city!

Compact State

a state with a roughly circular or square shape and equal distance from the center. like poland very round like balll

Democracy

a system where political power is held by the people.

Elongated State

a state thats longg like italy, chile, and norway

Fragmented State

a state made up of several disconnected pieces. like philippinrs, america cuz of hawaii, and pakistan before bangladesh came alone

Frontier

a zone where no state has full political control. (antarctica cuz who tf wants that area for a state)

Microstate

a very small sovereign state in land area or population. like singapore or vatican city, they’re js a bebe

Perforated State

a state that completely surrounds another state. for exmaple south africa the perforated state as it surrounds lesotho while the political enclave is lesotoho as its the statr that is surrounded by south africa!

Prorupted State

a state with a large extension projecting from its main territory. ex thailand or myanmar as they have a bigger body but they have this thin part hanging off of them.

Revanche

the desire to regain lost territory. ex: i need territroy i need it plzplzplzplz i lost my beauitfiul territory.

Theocracy

a government controlled by religious leaders. like afghanistan with the tailiban as they hold EXTREME islamic values like a lil too extreme

WMD

WEAPOND OF MASS DESTRUCTION