bio week 9 and 10

explain structure of a neuron

• dendrites - releases neurotransmitter

• axon - transports action potential

• terminal - receives neurotransmitter

explain process of action potential

• resting state - stays at -70 V due to sodium-potassium pumps

• depolarization - stimulus arrives, voltage gated sodium ion channel opens and inside becomes positive, reaches +50 V

• repolarization - voltage gated potassium ion channel opens, potassium flows out, decreasing voltage

• refractory period- overshoots below resting potential and sodium potassium pumps bring it back

• impulse travels to the next axon via the synaptic cleft

how memory strengthen/ weaken

• via increasing strength of synapse

• forming new synapses

define proximate and ultimate behavior and give example

• proximate - immediate mechanism of the behavior (antenna senses pheromone and flys)

• ultimate - evolution reasoning (why find mate? to increase population and continue species)

define innate and learned behavior and give example

• innate - performed correctly without prior knowledge (caring for children)

• learned - modified behaviors using experience (insects learning layout of nearby garden)

how an animal behavior can be changed intrinsically and extrinsically

• intrinsically - genes and hormones

• extrinsic - environment or other organisms, learned through experience

list the 5 types of interactions and explain

• self interest - only care for themselves, might be harmful to others

• competition - competing for limited resources, decrease fitness for both parties

• cooperation - cooperating with another party to gain benefits for both

• reciprocity - helping others even thought might cause short term cost

• altruism - helper suffers loss in fitness but gains it back indirectly

define antagonistic and mutualism interaction

• antagonistic - interaction results in winners and loser

• mutualism - interaction between the two or more species nets a overall positive for both species

list the types of antagonistic interaction

• competition - different species compete for resources like territory

• predation - one species eat another species, causes evolution of defense mechanism

• parasitism- gain nutrients from host

• herbivory - animals consume plants for nutrients

define niche and how it is affected

• the role of a species in an environment

• affected by

  • abiotic - climate, temp, rainfall

  • biotic - other organisms (prey/predator)

• these abiotic and biotic factor causes fundamental niche to shrink to realized niche

list the types of mutualistic interactions

• symbioses - a close, long-term association between two species

• obligate - when one or both sides of mutualism cannot survive without each other

• commensalism - when one species benefits while the other is unaffected

• facilitation - when one species creates an environment that helps another species