Prevention and Care Exam 1

Volar

Palmar

Ventral

Dorsal

circumduction

One part of a body or limb stays stationary while the other end traces a circular pattern

What are the 7 Injuries to the skin?

Blisters, Burns, Abrasion, Puncture, Incision, Laceration, Avulsion

Blisters

Accumulation of fluid (between the epidermis and dermis or blood dermis)

Incision

A fine cut

Burns

effects epidermis 2 dermis 3 subcutaneous tissue

Laceration

A jagged cut

Abrasion

Top layer of skin (epidermis) is scraped, rubbed, or worn away by friction

Avulsion

The forceful tearing away of a body part, skin, or piece of bone from its normal attachment

Puncture

a small hole made by piercing with a small object

Tension

Stretching tight

Compression

Applying pressure

Strain

Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon

Contusion

high level of compression inflicted on the muscle

Spasm

mild injury to muscle

Cramp

strong painful tightening, lasts longer than a spasm

Tendinopathy

A condition in the tendon

Tendinosis

the inflammation, irritation, or swelling of a tendon

Heterotrophic ossification

bone formation where it is not supposed to be (to muscle or tendon)

Atrophy

The partial or complete wasting away of muscle tone/mass, cell, tissue, or organ

Contracture

semi or permanent if muscles are not super flexible

-ovum

egg

sprains to synovial joints

partial or complete tear of the ligament

synovitis in synovial joints

your knee expands

subluxations in synovial joints

no longer in union with the bone (dislocated)

Osteoarthritis

protective cartilage gradually wears away leading to bone rubbing on bone, pain, and inflammation

What is Fibrous Cartilage injury also known as?

Meniscus or labral injury

What is a synovial joint injury?

An injury to a free moving joint that affects its lining, cartilage, ligaments or fluid

What is fibrous cartilage injury?

Damage to the fibrous cartilage

What is osteochondrosis of fibrous cartilage injury

a group of conditions where a temporary loss of blood supply to a bone causes the bone tissue to break down before it eventually heals and regrows

Periostitis in the bone

Outside bone injury

Acute Fractures in the bone

A sudden, fresh break or crack in a bone

Stress Fractures in the bone

Happens over time

Epiphyseal Injury

Damage to growth plates

Apophyseal injuries

bony out growth

Neurapraxia

lack of nerve movement (least severe of nerve injuries temporary)

Axonotmesis

Nerve injury that lasts from up to 24 hours to two years

Neurotmesis

lack of nerve movement in the nerve that is most sever

what do nerve injuries cause?

numbness

Contracture

Semi or permanent condition when muscles are not super flexible

Pathomechanics

the study of how an injury or disease occured

Pathophysiology

the changes in body function resulting from disease, causing the body to not work as it should

Sequela

A condition that results from a disease or injury which starts then severs

Subluxation

a partial or complete disassociation of the joint’s articulation surfacing that spontaneously return to their normal alignments

How many bones does a foot have?

26 though some people can have more

how many muscles cover the foot?

19

how many leg muscles are attached to the foot?

13

how many arches does a foot have?

4 (two lengthwise and two across)

the fat and ankle are what?

a triplantar

does everyone have the same number of sesamoid bones?

No

What is a sesamoid?

a small bone embedded inside a muscle or tendon

pes cavus

rigged foot (high arch) needs soft shoes

pes planus

flat foot needs more rigged shoes

Etiology (cause) of tinea pedis (Athlete’s foot)

Contact with Fungus-moist Environment

signs and symptoms of Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot)

Pruritis (itchy skin), Redness, scaling

Treatment for Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot)

Wash, Dry, Antifungal

Subungal Hematoma

A collection of blood trapped underneath a fingernail or toenail

What is the Etiology of Subungal Hematoma?

Trauma

What are the signs and symptoms of Subungal Hematoma?

Ecchymosis (a fat large bruise) under nail

What is the treatment for Subungal Hematoma?

Drill or Puncture Nail within 24 hours

Complication of Subungal Hematoma

Infection

What is Turf Toe?

a sprain of the ligaments and soft tissues surrounding the main joint of the big toe

What is the etiology for turf toe?

Hyperextension of 1st metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint

What is the symptoms and signs of turf toe?

Unable to run, jump when severe

What is the treatment for turf toe?

Rigid support, NSAIDS (anti-inflammatory drugs used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation), Tape

Etiology of Sprains/fractures of the toe

Kick unyielding object

Symptoms and signs of Sprains/Fractures of the toe

Ecchymosis (a fat large bruise), antalgic gait (an abnormal way of walking to relieve pain (limp))

Treatment for sprains/fractures of the toe

Reduce, NWB (non-weight bearing)/PWB (partial weight bearing), Tape, Rigid support

Interdigital Neuroma (Morton’s Neuroma)

A painful thickening of tissues around one of the nerves leading to your toes

Etiology of interdigital neuroma (Morton’s Neuroma)

Narrow shoes, Running on toes

Symptoms and signs of interdigital neuroma (Morton’s neuroma)

Paresthesia (tingling burning or numbness usually caused when pressure on nerve is released)/pain, 3rd-4th digits

Treatment for Interdigital Neuroma (Morton’s Neuroma)

Rest, M.T. Pad (metatarsal pad that is teardrop shaped and used to lift metatarsal to relieve pain), Cortisone Inj.(a shot that combines a powerful anti-inflammatory corticosteroid with a local anesthetic to temporarily relieve pain and swelling in joints or soft tissue), Surgery

Etiology for bunions (hallux valgus)

Idiopathic (unknown cause), tight shoes, pronator (a muscle that turns the sole of the foot inward), tight Achilles

symptoms and signs of Bunions (hallux valgus)

Deformity at 1st metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint

Treatment for Bunions (Hallux Valgus)

Tape?, surgery, Spacer (mechanical device)

Etiology for Arch strains (longitudinal/transverse)

poor shoes, pes cavus

Symptoms and signs of Arch Strains (longitudinal/transverse)

Antalgic gait (an abnormal way of walking to relieve pain(limp)), A.M. pain

what is a Heel Spur?

a calcium deposit that forms a bony protrusion on the underside or back of the heel bone

Etiology of Heel spur

overuse

Symptoms and signs of heel spur

Point tender at insertion of plantar fascia (tissue connecting heel bone to tissues) on calcaneus

Treatment for heel spur

Tape, orthotics? (shoe support), x-ray, stretch, cortisone (medication to reduce pain and inflammation), surgery?

Etiology for sprains/fractures (foot)

Acute/traumatic, overuse/stress FX (fracture)

Symptoms and signs for sprains/fractures (foot)

check if P.T (point tender) along Dorsal surface of foot, Antalgic gait (abnormal walking to reduce pain) or NWB (non-weight bearing)

treatment for sprains/fractures (foot)

support, x-ray, surgery

complication for sprains/fractures (foot)

Jones FX (fracture) (5th MT (metatarsal))

What is Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?

the inflammation of the retrocalcaneal bursa, a small, fluid-filled sac located between your heel bone and your Achilles tendon

Etiology for retrocalcaneal bursitis

Repeated pressure on heel

Symptoms and signs for retrocalcaneal bursitis

Pain, inflammation, deformity

treatment for retrocalcaneal bursitis

donut pad, ice

what is retrocalcaneal bursitis also known as?

Haglund’s deformity

Sever’s disease

heel pain in growing children

etiology for sever’s disease

youth athletes, tight Achilles, pes cavus

Symptoms and signs for sever’s disease

pain, inflammation, antalgic gait (abnormal walking to avoid pain)

treatment for sever’s disease

rest, heel cups, stretch???

Which side of ankle seems to have more density and strength?

Medial side

Which bone is reactionary and doesn’t have any tendon attachments?

the talus

what does syndesmoses mean?

in-between bones

Etiology of Ankle Sprains (Lateral)

Inversion, Plantar flexion, internal rotation (adduction)=supination

Symptoms and signs of Ankle Sprains (lateral)

mild-severe swelling and pain, joint laxity (looseness of the ligaments and soft tissues that stabilize the joint) and ecchymosis (a fat large bruise) with 2nd and 3rd degree injury, antalgic gait, p.t. (point tender) ATF (activating transcription factor, a family of transcription factor proteins involved in cellular stress responses, inflammation, and gene regulation), CF (cystic fibrosis, inherited genetic condition that causes glands to produce sticky substances instead of slippery), PTF (plasma thromboplastin factor, blood clotting factors involved in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade)