(EXTENSIVE) Exam 2 - Speech & Hearing Science

What is speech breathing?

Regulation of breathing for voice and speech production.

What are the two phases of breathing?

Inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation).

What is inspiration?

Movement of air into the upper and lower airways.

What is expiration?

Movement of air out of the upper and lower airways.

What are the two main purposes of breathing?

Obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

What do the lungs and respiratory muscles provide for speech?

Airflow and air pressure that power voice and speech.

What is Boyle's Law?

At constant temperature, gas pressure and volume are inversely related.

What happens to pressure when gas volume increases?

Pressure decreases.

What happens to pressure when gas volume decreases?

Pressure increases.

What is the formula for Boyle's Law?

P1 × V1 = P2 × V2.

How does Boyle's Law explain inhalation?

Lung volume increases, pressure decreases, and air flows into the lungs.

How does Boyle's Law explain exhalation?

Lung volume decreases, pressure increases, and air flows out.

What is Charles's Law?

At constant pressure, gas volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature.

How does Charles's Law differ from Boyle's Law?

Boyle relates pressure and volume; Charles relates volume and temperature.

What causes airflow in the respiratory system?

A pressure difference, or pressure gradient.

What is a pressure gradient?

The difference in pressure between two points that drives airflow.

Does air move from high pressure to low pressure or low to high?

From high pressure to low pressure.

What is tidal breathing?

Quiet, ordinary breathing, generally occurring at rest.

What is tidal volume?

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during one normal, quiet breath.

How far does the diaphragm move during tidal breathing according to the notes?

Approximately 1 cm up and down.

What percentage of vital capacity is tidal volume according to the notes?

Approximately 18%.

What is forced inhalation?

Inhaling a greater volume of air than during tidal breathing.

What is forced exhalation?

Exhaling air faster and/or in a greater volume than during tidal breathing.

What is the diaphragm?

A large dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

It contracts, flattens, and moves downward.

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

It relaxes and moves upward toward its dome shape.

What happens to thoracic volume during inhalation?

It increases.

What happens to thoracic volume during exhalation?

It decreases.

What happens to lung pressure during inhalation?

It falls below atmospheric pressure, drawing air inward.

What happens to lung pressure during exhalation?

It rises above atmospheric pressure, pushing air outward.

What are passive forces in breathing?

Natural elastic properties of the lungs and chest wall that cause recoil.

What are active forces in breathing?

Muscle contractions that change thoracic volume.

What is elastic recoil?

The tendency of stretched lung and chest-wall tissues to return toward resting positions.

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

The total amount of air the lungs can contain after maximum inhalation.

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

The maximum air inhaled after normal exhalation; tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume.

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

Air remaining after normal exhalation; expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume.

What is vital capacity (VC)?

The greatest amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation.

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.

What is residual volume (RV)?

Air remaining in the lungs after the strongest possible exhalation.

What is airway resistance?

Opposition to airflow as air moves through the respiratory tract.

What anatomical factor strongly affects airway resistance?

Airway diameter or radius.

What happens to airway resistance when airway diameter increases?

Resistance decreases.

What happens to airway resistance when airway diameter decreases?

Resistance increases.

What is turbulent airflow?

Irregular, chaotic airflow associated with flow velocity and respiratory-tract shape.

What is elastic resistance?

The work required to change lung and thoracic volume against elastic recoil.

What is dyspnea?

Difficult or labored breathing; shortness of breath.

What is paralysis?

Loss of the ability to move a part or most of the body.

What is paresis?

Weakness or partial loss of movement, often caused by nerve damage or disease.

What does paradoxical mean medically?

Not functioning or moving in the expected way.

What is subglottal pressure?

Air pressure directly below the vocal folds.

What is relaxation pressure?

Pressure that returns the respiratory system toward its resting expiratory level.

What is transthoracic pressure?

The pressure difference between the alveoli and atmosphere described in the class notes.

What is inspiratory checking action?

Action that counteracts relaxation pressure to maintain steady lung pressure for phonation.

What is a phrase breath group?

The number of words or syllables spoken during one exhalation.

What is clavicular breathing?

Breathing involving excessive upper-chest and shoulder elevation.

What is maximum phonation time (MPT)?

The maximum number of seconds a person can sustain a sound on one breath.

What are running speech activities?

Connected speech tasks such as sentences, reading, and conversation.

Why should speech-language pathologists understand breathing?

Respiration provides airflow and pressure needed for voice and speech.

How can increased subglottal pressure affect fundamental frequency?

It can increase the aerodynamic driving force and may raise vocal-fold vibration rate.

What is the vocal tract?

The airway above the vocal folds that shapes speech sounds.

What structures form the supraglottal vocal tract?

The pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity.

What are the three main resonating cavities?

Pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities.

What is the larynx?

The structure in the neck that houses the vocal folds.

What is the glottis?

The space between the vocal folds.

What is the subglottis?

The airway below the vocal folds.

What is the supraglottis?

The laryngeal region above the vocal folds.

What is the rima glottidis?

The opening between the vocal folds and arytenoid cartilages.

What is the hyoid bone?

A bone that supports the tongue and larynx and does not directly articulate with another bone.

What are the three unpaired laryngeal cartilages?

Thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis.

What are the three paired laryngeal cartilages?

Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform.

How many paired laryngeal cartilages are there?

Three pairs: arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform.

Which laryngeal cartilage is shield-shaped?

The thyroid cartilage.

Which laryngeal cartilage forms a complete ring?

The cricoid cartilage.

What is the function of the arytenoid cartilages?

They help position and move the vocal folds.

What is the epiglottis?

A flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue that helps protect the airway.

What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?

It helps close the laryngeal entrance and direct food and liquid away from the airway.

What are intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Muscles within the larynx that move its components and control vocal-fold position.

What are extrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Muscles connecting the larynx to surrounding structures.

What do intrinsic laryngeal muscles control?

Vocal-fold movement, glottal opening, length, and tension.

What do extrinsic laryngeal muscles do?

Elevate or depress the larynx and adjust its overall position.

What is vocal-fold abduction?

Movement of the vocal folds apart to open the glottis.

What is vocal-fold adduction?

Movement of the vocal folds together to close or narrow the glottis.

What are the vocal folds doing during quiet breathing?

They are abducted to allow airflow.

What happens to the vocal folds before phonation?

They adduct or approximate in preparation for vibration.

Which intrinsic muscle abducts the vocal folds?

Posterior cricoarytenoid.

Which intrinsic muscles adduct the vocal folds?

Lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid muscles.

Which muscle lengthens and tenses the vocal folds?

Cricothyroid.

What does the thyroarytenoid muscle do?

It shortens and thickens the vocal folds and contributes to tension adjustment.

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles?

Intrinsic muscles change tongue shape; extrinsic muscles move the tongue.

What is superior?

Toward the head or above another structure.

What is inferior?

Toward the feet or below another structure.

Which cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve?

Cranial nerve V.

What does cranial nerve V (trigeminal) supply for speech?

Motor control of jaw muscles and tensor palatini; sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Which cranial nerve is the facial nerve?

Cranial nerve VII.

What does cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) supply for speech?

Motor control of the lip muscles.

Which cranial nerve is the auditory or vestibulocochlear nerve?

Cranial nerve VIII.

What does cranial nerve VIII (auditory) carry?

Sensory information from the cochlea.

Which cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Cranial nerve IX.

What does cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) supply according to the lecture slide?

Motor control to the pharynx and sensation from the back of the tongue.